The keffiyeh or kufiya (Arabic: ????? ? k? Fiyyah , meaning "from the city of Kufa" ( ?????? ); plural title ?????? k? Fiyy? T ), also known as ghutrah ( ?????? ), shemagh ( ???? ? m ?? ), ? a ?? ah ( ????? ), mashadah ( ?????? ), chafiye (Persian: ???? ?? ?, dastmal yazdi (Persian: ????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? (Kurdish: ?? ?? ???? ?), is a traditional Middle Eastern headdress from Kufa, Iraq is made from a square scarf, usually crazy cotton, usually used by Arabs, also by some Mizrahi Jews and nomads Iran (mainly Kurds) is usually found in dry areas because it provides protection from sunburn, dust and sand.At the end of the 1980s, keffiyeh became fashion accessories in the United States and, during the 2000s, became very popular among teenagers in Tokyo, Japan, where it is often worn with camouflage-style outfits.
Video Keffiyeh
Variations and variations
During his visit with the Arabs of Marsh in Iraq, Gavin Young noted that the local Sayyids - "the respected men were accepted... as descendants of Prophet Muhammad and Ali ibn Abi Talib" - wearing green old keffiyeh ( cheffiyeh ) is different from the typical black-and-white plaid example of the area's inhabitants.
Many Palestinian keffiyeh are a mixture of cotton and wool, which facilitates rapid drying and, if desired, keeps the head warmer of the wearer. Keffiyeh is usually folded into a half (into a triangle) and folds worn on the forehead. Often, keffiyeh is held in place by a rope circle called agal (Arabic: ???? ?, iq? l ). Some users wrap keffiyeh into turban, while others wear it loosely on the back and shoulders. A taqiyah is sometimes used under keffiyeh; in the past, it has also wrapped around the circle fez. Keffiyeh is almost always white cotton cloth, but many have plaid patterns of red or black sewn into them. The most popular plain white Keffiyeh in Arab countries in the Persian Gulf - in Kuwait and Bahrain, to the exclusion of almost any other style. Keffiyeh is worn by men of all ages, either in the head or around the shoulders.
In Jordan, red-and-white keffiyeh is strongly associated with the state and inheritance, where it is known as shemagh mhadab . Keffiyeh Jordan has a decorative cotton or wool tassels on its sides; the larger these tassels, the greater the value of the garment and the status of the person who wears them. It has long been worn by Bedouins and villagers and is used as a symbol of honor and/or ethnic identification. Jordanian shemagh in red and white is much thicker than the invisible red-and-white shemagh seen in Persian Gulf countries.
In Yemen, keffiyeh is widely used in red and white and black and white patterns and in some traditional Yemeni designs and colors. Before the 1950s, tribal colored shemags were widely used; Currently, this is mostly only used in Yemen and Oman, while the black/white, red/white or white-white styles have been dominant in Persian Gulf and Levant countries. The Shemag is part of an ancient Middle Eastern headscarf tradition.
In Malaysia, keffiyeh has been worn by Muslim women as one of the hijab modes and during the Palestinian struggle against Israel that has attracted the attention of the international media, many Malaysians use it to show solidarity for the Palestinians.
Keffiyeh, especially the all-white keffiyeh, also known as ghutrah . This is very common in the Arabian Peninsula, where an optional cap is called keffiyeh. This garment is also known in some areas as ? A ?? ah , speaking harshly:
- Ordinary Keffiyeh
- A piece of white/orange/black fabric made of wool and cotton, worn mainly by Palestinians.
- Shemagh Ã,
- A piece of cloth, usually made of cotton or hemp and decorated with many colors, but usually red and white; used mainly by Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Iraq.
Dastmaal Yazdi
The traditional scarf in Iran, originated in the Yazd region of Iran.
Chafiyeh
The Keffiyeh style originating from Iran, based on Iran Dastmaal Yazdi with the influence of Keffiyeh Palestine. Often used by Shiite Muslims in Iran as well as Iraq and Lebanon to express support for Shiite political parties. The scarves gained popularity during the Iran-Iraq war as a sign of Shiite opposition to Saddam. Chafiyeh is also worn by members of the Basij of the Revolutionary Guard Corps of Iran, as well as sometimes by members of the Popular Mobilizing Forces of Iraq.
- Ghutrah Ã,
- A piece of white cloth made of light cotton, worn in western Iraq and by Arabs from Persian Gulf countries.
- Rezza Ã,
- This is used by North Africans and Egyptians.
Maps Keffiyeh
Palestinian national symbol
Traditionally worn by Palestinian farmers, the keffiyeh became worn by Palestinian men of any rank and became a symbol of Palestinian nationalism during the Arab Revolution of the 1930s. His fame increased during the 1960s with the start of the Palestinian resistance movement and its adoption by Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat.
The pattern of black-and-white fishnet keffiyeh will later become an iconic symbol of Arafat, and he is rarely seen without it; only occasionally wearing a military cap, or, in a colder climate, Russian ushanka hat. Arafat will use his keffiyeh in a semi-traditional way, wrapping his head through agal . He also wore a piece of the same patterned cloth on the neckline of his military uniform. From the beginning, he has made it his personal character to hang a scarf over his right shoulder, arranging it in rough triangular form, resembling the historical lines of Palestine. How to use this kefiyeh became a symbol of Arafat as a person and a political leader, and it has not been imitated by other Palestinian leaders.
Another Palestinian figure related to keffiyeh is Leila Khaled, a female member of the armed wing of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. Some photos of Khaled were circulated in western newspapers after the hijacking of Flight 840 TWA and Dawson Field hijacking. These photos often include Khaled wearing keffiyeh in the style of a Muslim woman's head scarf, wrapped around her head and shoulders. This is unusual, since keffiyeh is associated with Arab masculinity, and many believe it to be something of a fashion statement by Khaled, which shows his equality with men in the Palestinian armed struggle.
The color of stitches in keffiyeh is also somewhat related to Palestinian political sympathy. The traditional black and white Keffiyehs became associated with Fatah. Later, red and white keffiyehs were adopted by Palestinian Marxists, such as the PFLP.
The color symbolism of the scarf is by no means universally accepted by all Palestinians or Arabs. His interests should not be overstated, since scarves are used by Palestinians and Arabs of all political affiliations, as well as by those who have no particular political sympathy.
The symbol of Palestinian solidarity
Keffiyeh black and white squares have become a symbol of Palestinian nationalism, dating back to the 1936-1939 Arab revolt in Palestine. Outside the Middle East and North Africa, the first keffiyeh gained popularity among activists supporting the Palestinians in the conflict with Israel.
The use of keffiyeh is often accompanied by criticism from various political factions in the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Slang "keffiyeh kinderlach" refers to Jewish youth, especially students, who wear keffiyeh in the neck as a political/fashion statement. The term may first appear in print in an article by Bradley Burston in which he wrote of "kafiyeh exile of suburban Berkeley, more Palestinians than Palestinians" in their criticism of Israel. European activists also wore keffiyeh.
While Western protesters wear different styles and keffiyeh nuances, the most prominent is the black-and-white keffiyeh. It is usually worn around the neck like a neckerchief, just tied at the front with a cloth left to hang on the back. Other popular styles include a rectangular shawl with a black-and-white base pattern on the body, with the edges knitted in the shape of a Palestinian flag. Since the Al-Aqsa Intifada, this rectangular shawl is increasingly emerging with a combination of Palestinian flags and Al-Aqsa Mosque printed on the ends of cloth.
Production
Today, this symbol of Palestinian identity is now largely imported from China. With the growing popularity of scarves in the 2000s, Chinese manufacturers entered the market, pushing Palestinians out of business. In 2008, Yasser Herbawi, who for five decades became the only Palestinian keffiyeh manufacturer, is now struggling with sales. Mother Jones wrote, "Ironically, the global support for Palestinian statehood-as-fashion-accessory has put another nail in the coffin of the besieged economy of the Occupied Territories."
Westerners in keffiyeh
British Colonel T.Ã, E. Lawrence (better known as Lawrence of Arabia) is probably the most famous Western user of keffiyeh. He wore a plain white with agal during his involvement in the Arab Revolution in World War I. Lawrence's image was later popularized by an epic film about him, Lawrence of Arabia, where he was played. by Peter O'Toole.
The era of American film cinema in the 1920s saw studios taking exotic Orientalist themes in the Middle East, perhaps because of the Arabs' view as part of World War I allies, and keffiyeh became a standard part of the theater cabinet. These films and their male cast usually have Western actors in the role of an Arab, often wearing keffiyeh with agal (as with The Sheik and The Son of the Sheik , starring actor Rudolph Valentino).
Erwin Rommel also usually wore keffiyeh around his neck during the Western Desert Campaign for practical reasons.
Military use
For decades, keffiyeh has been issued to British soldiers who now almost exclusively refer to them as shemaghs (from Arabic ???? ? m ?? ). Their use by several units and the formation of military and police forces from the former British Empire and the next Commonwealth began since before World War II.
Because of its usefulness it was adopted by Palestinian Police Forces, Transyordan Front Forces, Sudan Defense Force, Arab Legion, Jordanian Army, Libyan Arab Forces, and Iran Revolution Guards Corps
In World War II campaigns in North Africa, regular raid and surveillance units from Long Range Desert Group, Special Air Service and "Popski's Private Army" use it while operating in the Western Desert. After the war, their use by the Army was continued with the shemagh used in the desert and the temperate environment in theaters such as the Dhofar. The Australian Army has also been using shemagh since the Vietnam War, and extensively during Iraq and Afghanistan, especially by the Australian Special Forces unit. Since the beginning of the War on Terror, these keffiyeh, usually cotton and military or khaki robes with black stitches, have been adopted by US forces as well, a previous policy reversal that saw them strictly forbidden during the Gulf War.
Their practicality in arid environments, such as in Iraq, explains their enduring popularity with the army. Soldiers often wore keffiyeh folded into triangles and wrapped around faces, with half dots placed over the mouth and nose, sometimes coupled with glasses, to keep the sand out of the face. This is also commonly done by armored forces, mechanics and other vehicles that use it as scarves in cold climates to ward off cold winds caused by being in moving vehicles. British troops deployed to Iraq or Afghanistan are now issued with a brown shemagh. Keffiyeh, called Persian chafiyeh, in Persia, was extensively used by Iranian infantry forces in the Iranian War -Ir.
Fashion trends
Like other wore clothing items, such as T-shirts, uniform pants and khakis, keffiyeh has been seen as a chic outfit among non-Arabs in the West. Keffiyehs became popular in the United States in the late 1980s, at the beginning of the First Intifada, when bohemian and punk girls wore keffiyehs as scarves around their necks. In early 2000, keffiyeh was popular among young people in Tokyo, who often wore it with camouflage clothing. This trend occurred in the mid-2000s in the United States, Europe, Canada and Australia, when keffiyeh became popular as a fashion accessory, usually worn as a scarf on the neck in a hipster circle. Stores like Urban Outfitters and TopShop spread the item. (After some controversy over the retailer's decision to label the item "anti-war scarf," however, Urban Outfitters pulled it.) In the spring of 2008, keffiyeh in colors like purple and mauve were given in the issues of fashion magazines in Spain and France.. In the UAE, men tend toward western headgear while women develop preferences for dupatta - a traditional Indian subcontinent headscarf. Confiscation of keffiyeh as a fashion statement by non-Arab users apart from its political and historical significance has been controversial in recent years. Although often used as a symbol of solidarity with the Palestinian struggle, the fashion industry has ignored its significance by using patterns and styles in the design of everyday clothes. For example, in 2016 Topshop released a monkey suit with Keffiyeh prints, calling it "scarf playsuit". This led to allegations of cultural deprivation and eventually Topshop pulled the merchandise from their website
Gallery
See also
- Again, Arab headdress
- Gamcha, a scar from the Indian subcontinent
- Gingham, scarf from Malaysia
- Krama, Cambodian scarf
- Sudra (headdress), Jewish scarf
- Tagelmust, Berber scarf
- Tallit, Jewish scarf
- Taqiyah (hat), men's hat
- Sorban, hijab
- Headgear list
- Close
References
Further reading
-
Philippi, Dieter (2009). Sammlung Philippi - Kopfbedeckungen in Glaube, Religion and Spiritualit, . St. Benno Verlag, Leipzig. ISBN: 978-3-7462-2800-6. Ã, - Jastrow, Marcus (1926). Dictionary of Targumim, Talmud and Midrashic Literature . ISBN: 978-1-56563-860-0. Ã, The Lexicon includes more references that explain what sudra is on page 962.
External links
- "Keffiyeh and Arab Heart" from About.com
- "Saudi Aramco World: Binding dye" by Caroline Stone
- More references on sudra on page 962 of Jastrow Dictionary Online
- Chronology Modern Kraze Keffiyah from Arab Kabobfest blog
- Che Couture Giving way to Pu 'Kur? i Chic by I ?? l E? rikavuk, Hurriyet
- Politics vs Clothing: Keffiyeh Case by Yazeed Kamaldien, Letters & amp; Guardian
- Palestine Keffiyeh transcends Middle Eastern conflict
- The last plant in Palestine produces Kuffiyeh
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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