Jins are a pair of trousers, usually made of denim or dungaree. Often the term "jeans" refers to a particular style of trousers, called "blue jeans", created by Jacob W. Davis in partnership with Levi Strauss & Co. in 1871 and patented by Jacob W. Davis and Levi Strauss on May 20, 1873. Prior to the patented Levi Strauss pants, the term "blue jeans" has long been used for various garments (including trousers, overalls, and overcoats). ), built from blue denim. Originally designed for cowboys and miners, jeans became popular in the 1950s among teenagers, particularly members of the greaser subculture. Jeans were a common fashion item in the hippie subculture of the 1960s and they continued to become popular in the 1970s and 1980s subcultures of punk rock and heavy metal youth. Today, they are one of the most popular pants, especially in western-based cultures. The historic brands include Levi's, Lee, and Wrangler.
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Histori
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Research on the trade of jean fabrics shows that it appears in the cities of Genoa, Italy, and NÃÆ'®mes, France. GÃÆ'ªnes, the French word for Genoa, may be the origin of the word "jeans". In NÃÆ'®mes, weavers try to reproduce jean but instead develop a similar twill known as denim, from de NÃÆ'®mes , which means "from NÃÆ'®mes". Jean Genoa is a "medium quality and reasonable cost" fustian textile, very similar to the famous cotton corduroy Genoa, and "used for general work clothes". The Genoa Navy equips its sailors with jeans, as they require cloth that can be wet or dry. "Denim" NÃÆ'®mes is more rugged, considered to be of higher quality, and is used "for more clothing such as sweaters or overalls". Almost all Indigo, required for coloring, originated from tilapia plantations in Lahore (a city in Pakistan) until the late 19th century. It was replaced by the indigo synthesis method developed in Germany.
In the 17th century, jean was an important textile for working-class people in Northern Italy. This is seen in a series of genre paintings from about the 17th century that are associated with an artist who is now nicknamed The Master of the Blue Jeans. Ten paintings depict poor scenes with low-class figures wearing denim-like fabrics. The fabric will be a Genoese jean, which is cheaper. Genre paintings became famous at the end of the 16th century, and non-ningrat subjects in all ten paintings put them among others who portrayed similar scenes.
Dungaree was mentioned for the first time in the 17th century, when it was referred to as cheap, thick rough cotton, often blue but sometimes white, worn by the poor in the area that later became Bombay, India, called Dongri. This cloth is "dungri" in Hindi. Dungri is exported to the UK and is used to produce cheap and robust work clothes. In English, the word "dungri" becomes pronounced as "dungaree".
Origin of glued jeans
The term jeans first appeared in 1795, when a Swiss banker by the name of Jean-Gabriel Eynard and his brother Jacques went to Genoa and both immediately headed for the growing commercial attention. In 1800 Massena troops entered the town and Jean-Gabriel was entrusted with their inventory. In particular he equips it with a uniform cut from a blue cloth called "bleu de Genes" then from which the famous clothing known worldwide as "blue jeans".
Levi Strauss, as a young man in 1851, traveled from Germany to New York to join his brothers who run the goods shop. In 1853, he moved to San Francisco to open his own dry goods business. Jacob Davis is a tailor who often purchases cloth rolls from Levi Strauss & amp; Co. wholesale house. In 1872, Davis wrote to Strauss asking to partner with him to patent and sell clothes reinforced with rivets. The copper rivets are to strengthen the stress points, such as the pocket angles and at the bottom of the fly button. Levi accepted Davis's offer, and both men received US pat. 139,121 for "Improvement of Opening-Opening of Pocket" on May 20, 1873.
Davis and Strauss experimented with different types of fabrics. The initial effort was a brown cotton duck, a bottom-heavy cloth. Finding denim materials that are more suitable for work pants, they start using them to produce their glued pants. Denim used is produced by American manufacturers. The popular legend incorrectly states that it was imported from Nimes, France. The popular myth is that Strauss originally sold brown canvas pants for miners, then dyed blue, switched to denim, and only after Davis wrote to him, adding rivets.
Initially, Strauss's jeans were just the strong trousers worn by factory workers, miners, farmers, and ranchers throughout North-West America. During this period, the men's jeans have flies on the front, while the women's jeans have flies on the left side. When Levi Strauss & amp; Co patented a modern-day prototype manufactured in 1873, there are two pockets on the front and one on the back with copper rivets. Later, the jeans were redesigned to five pocket industry standards including small pocket watches and copper rivets.
Recent Events
Fewer jeans were made during World War II, but 'waist overalls' were introduced to the world by US troops, which sometimes kept them off duty. In the 1960s, men and women jeans had zippers on the front. Historical photographs show that in the decades before they became a fashion staple, jeans were generally quite loose, like a pair of bib overalls with no bibs. Indeed, until 1960, Levi Strauss called his flagship product "waist overalls" rather than "jeans".
After James Dean popularized them in the movie Rebel Without a Cause, wearing jeans became a symbol of youth rebellion during the 1950s. During the 1960s the use of jeans became more acceptable, and by the 1970s it had become a common mode in the United States for casual wear.
An example of a deliberate denim to make it more fashionable can be seen in early 1935 in the June edition of Vogue. Michael Belluomo, Oct/Nov 1987 editor, P. 45, writes that in 1965, Limbo, a boutique in the New York East Village, was "the first retailer to wash new pair of jeans to get the effects used, worn, and the idea became a hit. "He continued," [Limbo] hired East Village artists to embellish jeans with patches, decals, and other touches, and sell them for $ 200. " In the early 1980s, the denim industry introduced a stone washing technique developed by GWG also known as "Great Western Garment Co." Donald Freeland of Edmonton, Alberta pioneered the method, which helped bring denim to a larger and more versatile market. The reception of jeans continued into the 1980s and 1990s. Initially an esoteric mode option, the 2010s jeans may look worn by men and women of all ages.
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Manufacturing process
Immersion
Traditionally, jeans are colored in blue using natural tone of indigo. Most of the denim is now colored using synthetic tilapia. About 20 thousand tons of tilapia are produced each year for this purpose, although only a few grams of dye are required for each pair. For other colors other denim dyes should be used. Currently, jeans are produced in any color that can be achieved with cotton.
For more information on coloring, see denim and discussions there using pigment dyes.
Pre-shrink
In 1962 Levi Strauss introduced a shrunken jeans, which did not shrink further after purchase, allowing consumers to buy the right size. These jeans are known as regular 505 fit jeans. 505 is almost identical to 501 with the exception of fly-buttons. The Levi's Corporation also introduced a sleek boot-cut fit known as 517 and 527. The difference between the two is the 517s sitting at the waist line and 527 sitting below the waist line. Later, Levi's will develop other styles and fits like loose, sleek, comfortable, relaxed, emaciated, and fit regularly with pointy legs.
Display used and visible
The "acid wash" display used is made by disguising jeans and/or treating them with chemicals, such as acryl resin, phenol, hypochlorite, potassium permanganate, caustic soda, acid etc.
Torn or hard jeans, though also arise naturally as a result of wear and tear, sometimes deliberately done by the supplier - with difficult clothes sometimes sold more than a pair that is not bound. For example, Pucci sells "decorated mid-rise boyfriend jeans" for Ã, Â £ 600 (US $ 860).
Sandra or sandpaper abrading with sandpaper
Consumers want worn-looking jeans can buy jeans that have been specially treated. To provide a worn-out cloth, sandblasting is done with chemicals or by adding a pumice stone to the washing or abrading process with the sandpaper that is often done.
Environmental and humanitarian impact
A pair of blue jeans using 919 gallons (3479 liters) of water during its life cycle. These include water to irrigate cotton plants, produce jeans, and wash much by consumers.
The production of jeans with a "used look" can be more environmentally harmful than regular jeans, depending on how the waste compound is processed. Sandblasting and treating with sandpaper has the risk of causing silicosis to workers, and in Turkey, more than 5,000 textile workers have contracted the disease, and 46 are known to have died. Some companies have announced that they prohibit the use of sandblasting.
Treatment and wear
Although most jeans are "pre-shrunken", they are still sensitive to slight shrinkage and color loss from being washed. Company Levi Strauss recommends to avoid washing as many jeans as possible. Carl Chiara, brand director and special project of Levi Strauss, has a credo: The more you wash the jeans, the better your jeans. These and other suggestions to avoid washing jeans where may have been criticized. Cory Warren, editor of LS & amp; Co. Unzip , clarification in response to such criticism:
Our advice is to wash less often, but clearly, you have to judge for yourself exactly what is right. Hot day, dirty work? Wash your jeans. Please! Cold day, office work? Maybe you can wear them twice or more before they return to the washing machine. Personally, if I wear jeans to work on Fridays - cold climate, office work - I tend to wear it on Saturdays. And if Saturday is spent indoors and I do not spill food all over my body, I might even wear it on Sundays.
For those who prefer not to wash their jeans there are suggestions to freeze them to kill germs that cause odors. However, this suggestion has been disputed as ineffective and replaced with the suggestion of baking it for ten minutes at 250 degrees Fahrenheit. (120 ° C).
Jeans in law
Jeans are covered under legislation on trousers. In addition, there are some legal cases involving special jeans:
In Rome, Italy in 1992, a 45-year-old driving instructor was accused of rape. When he took an 18-year-old girl for his first driving lesson, he allegedly raped her for an hour, then told him that if he told anyone he would kill him. Later that night he told his parents and his parents agreed to help the press. While the alleged rapist was sentenced and sentenced, the Italian Supreme Court overturned the sentence in 1998 because the victim was wearing tight jeans. It is said that he must always help his assailant take off his jeans, so do the action by consensus ("because the victim is wearing very tight jeans, he has to help him take it off... and by removing his jeans... it is no longer rape but consensual sex" ). The Supreme Court of Italy declared in its decision "it is a fact of common experience that it is almost impossible to take off tight jeans even partially without the active collaboration of the person who wears them." This ruling sparked widespread feminist protests. The day after the decision, women in the Italian Parliament protested by wearing jeans and holding a placard that read "Jeans: An Alibi for Rape". As a sign of support, the Senate and the California Assembly follow. Soon Patricia Giggans, Executive Director of the Los Angeles Commission on the Attacks on Women (now Violent of Violence) made Denim Day an annual event. In 2011 at least 20 US states officially recognize Denim Day in April. Wearing jeans on this day has become an international symbol of protest against the wrong and destructive attitude about sexual assault. In 2008, the Supreme Court of Italy has canceled their findings, and no more "denim" defense for rape allegations.
In 2014, an Indian family court in Mumbai ruled that a husband objected to his wife wearing a kurta and jeans and forcing him to wear sari with the cruelty inflicted by her husband and could be the reason for seeking a divorce. Therefore, the wife is given a divorce on the basis of cruelty as defined in section 27 (1) (d) of the Special Marriage Act, 1954.
Trends
Global market for jeans
North America accounts for 39% of global purchases for jeans, followed by Western Europe at 20%, Japan and Korea at 10% and the rest of the world at 31%.
US consumers spent more than US $ 14 billion on jeans in 2004 and US $ 15 billion in 2005. US consumers bought US $ 13.8 billion in men and women jeans in the year ending April 30, 2011, according to market research firm NPD Group.
Jeans in the Soviet Union
In the Soviet Union, jeans are a symbol of the Western way of life. The "Men's Jeans" in the USSR began in 1957 during the Youth and Student World Festival. According to Russian textskin dictionary in 1961, the jeans were originally referred to as "work uniforms" (???????????, rabocii costumes).
Brand jeans Rokotov and Fainberg named after the defendant in the case of Rokotov-Faibishenko, who was executed because, inter alia, the trade of jeans.
Although not directly prohibited, jeans are hard to come by in the Soviet Union. It was seen as a symbol of rebellion by Soviet youths who wanted to imitate Western film and rock stars. The Soviet government refused to supply the market with jeans because it meant responding to the market, the capitalist principle. People try hard, sometimes using violence and other illegal activities to get Western-made jeans. This led to the creation of a black market and bootlegging jeans, which has since become an important cultural element in the history of the Soviet Union.
In 2014, teenagers buy more fashion clothing and athleisure attire from brands such as Nike and Lululemon from denim classic clothing from brands such as Abercrombie & amp; Cuscus. Activewear in 2014 comprises 28% of juvenile clothing purchases, up from 6% in 2008. In 2014, Nike, Lululemon, Under Armor, and Adidas are the most popular brands for athletic attire among juvenile consumers. Fashion retailers started adjusting their offerings. Bloomberg reports that Levi's, which is the world's most iconic denim company, sticks to its core product (denim) rather than adapt to consumer trends. As a result, Levi's sales decreased from more than USD 7 billion to USD 4.8 billion by 2015.
Distressed Jeans
Distressed denim emerged from the cultural punk movement of the 1970s. The early bastard tore up consumer goods as an expression of their anger towards the public. Johnny Rotten of the Sex Pistols manifests the British punk ideology, which fights against the status quo. Denim became the main target of this politically triggered deconstruction, with both men and women wearing torn pants and jackets, equipped with pin and safety slogans. The trend became popular again in the 1990s with the advent of grunge mode. If punk is "anti-mode", grunge is "non-mode". The grunge boy wore loose torn jeans, flannel shirts, or Pendleton wool coated T-shirts. Their anti-conformist approach to fashion led to the popularization of a casual chic look, a trend that continued into the 2000s.
Low-level jeans
The media reported in 2017 that the trend of low-rise jeans, famous in the 1990s and 2000s as slack, came back in fashion because celebrities like Justin Bieber supported it. Low-rise jeans are usually worn 2-3 inches or more below the navel.
Industrial production
See also
- Athleisure
- Baggy jeans
- Daisy Dukes
- Denim skirt (jean skirt)
- The jeans designer
- Drainpipe jeans
- Jeggings
- Mom jeans
- Western Mode
- Women and trousers
References
Note
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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