Stain removal is the process of removing marks or stains left by one substance on a particular surface such as a cloth. Solvents or detergents are commonly used to remove stains and many are available on the table.
Video Stain removal
Prevention stain
If the stain has been "arranged", it has become chemically bonded with the material that has been stained, and can not be removed without damaging the material itself. Therefore it is important to avoid setting the stain to be removed. This can be done by avoiding heat (by not pressing or ironing stains), wiping the stained material as quickly as possible, using the correct solvent (some solvents will act as catalysts on certain substances and cause stains to be set faster), and avoid rubbing stains. Stain removers are only possible because of the hydrophilic end and end hydrophobic present in the detergent.
Maps Stain removal
Stain removal
Most stains are removed by dissolving them with solvents. The solvent for use depends on two factors: the agent that causes the stain, and the material has been stained. Different solvents will dissolve different stains, and the application of some solvents is limited by the fact that they not only dissolve stains, but also dissolve the stained material as well.
Another factor in removing the stain is the fact that the stain can sometimes consist of two separate dyestuffs, which require separate release forms. Engine oil stains can also contain metal traces, for example. Also of concern is the color of the colored material. Some smear removal agents will not only dissolve stains, but will dissolve the dyes used to color the material.
Solvents
These are some solvents that can be used for stains, with some sample stains that they can remove:
Oxidizing solvents
Household bleach generally removes stain color, without dissolving the stain itself. Hydrogen peroxide is also a bleaching agent that can be used to treat stains.
Reduce solvent
Sodium hydrosulfite and sodium hypochlorite are commonly used to remove stains and dye colors.
Solvent lakquer
Acetone is good for removing glue, nail polish, ink stains, rubber cement, and fat. Nail polish removers may contain acetone, but for general use, it is best to get acetone bottles from a hardware store. It can be diluted with water.
Inert solvent
The inert solvents are those that do not react with anything in the stain. Water for example can be considered as an inert solvent for some types of stains. In this case dissolving stains is not a chemical reaction but a physical process.
Detergent
Surfactants (detergents) are molecules that have one end pole and one non-polar end and can be used to remove stains. They can help emulsions of compounds that are usually insoluble in water. For example, if you put oil in water, they tend to stay apart. If you put oil, detergent, and water together and shake it, then you get a mixture that can help remove stains.
Acid
Lemon juice, containing citric acid which is an active bleach ingredient, can effectively remove stains. His actions can be accelerated by exposing stains to sunlight, or some other UV source, while soaking. Various acids were used in the past such as Phosphoric acid as used in Calcium Lime Rust Remover (CLR) and Hydrofluoric acid as used in Australian products made in Queensland called "Rustiban". Both of these Acids have been removed from sales to the general public due to poisoning problems. Both of these acids are used primarily to remove rust. Another rust removal acid is oxalic acid. See also Borate or Boric Acid, Vinegar (or acetic acid) which can also help remove blemishes.
Alkalis
Sodium Hydroxide Also commonly used in channel cleaners. This allows Grease and other oils to dissolve in aqueous solutions. Water. Other alkali such as Potassium Hydroxide (stronger than Sodium Hydroxide) are also used. Both are harmful chemicals and react with animal flesh. High enough concentrations, such as on industrial cleaners, and/or significant lighting time without adequate protection from exposed areas will cause serious chemical burns. Alkalies help remove dirt, grass, and clay stains. See also Cloudy Ammonia/Ammonia
More
- Baby Powder
- This can be used to absorb fat before washing.
- Club Soda
- This can be used for pet stains and outdoors. There is no main reason underlying why club soda will be superior to ordinary water in the removal of stains.
- Glycerine
- This can be used to soften "set" stains, especially on unwashed wool and non-washable fabrics.
- Boiling Water
- This can be used to pick up fruit juice stains.
- Luke-warm water
- Water is an excellent solvent for non-colored sugary stains, such as sticky residue from dropped candies and Apple jam and honey.
Solvent application
There are four ways to apply solvents to the fabric to remove stains:
- Immersion
- Pressure Application
- Front Sponging
- This is the most common way to treat a cloth that can not be washed. The front of the fabric is disguised with a sponge soaked in the used solvent. The back of the fabric should be supported with a clean and absorbing material. The stain is rubbed with a sponge radially, from the center of the stain to the end. It is important not to rub the sponge with a circular motion, as it causes the stain to spread in the ring.
- Back Sponsing
- The stained side of the material is placed face down on a clean, absorbing material. The back of the fabric is then wiped with a sponge soaked in the used solvent. It is important not to scrub the material with a sponge, but use padding motion, so as not to spread the stain. The solvent dissolves the stain, which is deposited on the absorbent material beneath it. To completely remove the stain, it may be necessary to use more than one absorber pad.
Hair dye stains
Hair dye products are usually used to cover the gray, look more attractive or follow the fashion, but they pose a challenge for many women. Because of the length of time hair dye must be in the hair to achieve a deep result, in fact, often seeps or drips down to the hairline, ear or neck, causing unsightly and irritating stains on the skin. Dye users are not universally affected - some people have a tendency to get stains while others are not - most likely due to variations in the composition of natural fats or oils on the skin surface from one person to the next.
Many salons and stylists are advocating the use of petroleum jelly to prevent stains. Placing a petroleum jelly rim around the hairline creates a physical barrier to prevent dye from flowing into the skin of the forehead and neck, and fill the holes and niches in the epidermal layer.
Chemistry
Human hair consists mostly of keratin proteins, which have a negative ion charge, giving the hair a negative ion charge as well. As dictated by chemistry, the opposite charged compounds withdraw and integrate with the same charge repel each other. Most hair dyes are positively charged, helping them stick to negative sites in the hair and contribute to a better bond between dye and hair.
Unfortunately, like hair, human skin is made of keratin and contains a site with a negative charge, and therefore, also attracts the dye. The skin also has pores and holes and other niches that allow dye to be trapped physically in the epidermal layer. Both contribute to the development of stains on the skin.
The dye itself can be directly absorbed through the skin and into the bloodstream. The stratum corneum (the outermost layer of the skin also called the "horn layer") contains a "lipid domain" that allows the dye to unify and provide the opportunity to diffuse into the body. Some hair dye can also irritate the skin with long exposure. As a result, eliminating or minimizing exposure to the skin quickly is often considered desirable.
Deletion method
While many home remedies exist to try to remove stains from the skin, there are many products that are distributed in traditional drug stores or discount channels for this purpose. Home care varies in effectiveness and carries the risk of skin irritation and abrasion as a result of excessive scrubbing, plus eye irritation if allowed to drip or run to the eye. Some of the more common home remedies include: bleach, ammonia, acetone, and rubbing alcohol.
The following are the risks of general removal methods:
- Acetone
- CDC reports that recurrent and prolonged exposure of the eye to acetone has the potential to cause permanent vision problems due to a blurred cornea.
- Ammonia
- (ammonia is also contained in many hair dyes) Hair color containing ammonia has been used safely for many years. However, exposure to ammonia can cause conjunctival eye irritation.
- Bleach
- Traditional bleach contains chlorine and/or hydroquinone. Chlorine can irritate and burn the skin, as does skin whitening products.
- In the United States, the FDA has proposed a decision to remove all skin whitening products from those available at the counter.
- Isopropyl Alcohol
- The concentration of isopropyl alcohol has been shown to irritate the skin, and inhalation of prolonged vapors can impair coordination and cause headaches. Although this may be an effective stain remover, it should be used gently to avoid scuffed skin.
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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