Textile is a flexible material consisting of natural or artificial fiber tissue (yarn or yarn). Yarn is produced by spinning raw fibers from wool, hemp, cotton, hemp, or other materials to produce long strands. Textiles are formed by weaving, knitting, knitting, knotting, or felting.
Related words cloth and cloth are often used in textile assembly trade (such as sewing and sewing) as synonyms for textiles . However, there are subtle differences in these terms in specific use. A textile is a material made of overlapping fibers, including carpets and geotextiles. Fabrics are materials made by weaving, knitting, spreading, knitting, or bonds that can be used in the production of further articles (clothing, etc.). Fabrics can be used synonymously with cloth but are often part of the fabric that has been processed.
Video Textile
Etymology
The word 'textile' is derived from Latin, from the adjective textilis , which means 'weaving', from textus , past participle of the verb texere , 'weave'.
The word 'cloth' is also derived from Latin, most recently from central French fabrique , or "building, thing made", and formerly as Latino workshop fabrica '; an art, a trade; good production, structures, fabrics ', derived from the Latin faber , or "hard working craftsman", from PIE dhabh - , meaning' to be with -same '.
The word 'cloth' comes from Old English claÃÆ' Â ° , which means fabric, woven or tangled material to wrap one , from Proto-Germanic kalithaz (compare O.Frisian 'klath', 'cleet' Middle Kingdom, Dutch 'kleed', Middle High German 'kleit', and German 'kleid', all meaning "garment").
Maps Textile
History
The discovery of hemp fiber dyed in a cave in the Republic of Georgia dated 34,000 BC suggests materials such as textiles made even in prehistoric times.
Textile production is a craft whose speed and scale of production have changed almost unrecognizable by industrialization and the introduction of modern manufacturing techniques. However, for the main types of textiles, plain weave, twill, or satin weave, there is little difference between ancient and modern methods.
Usage
Textiles have a wide range of uses, the most common being for clothing and for containers such as bags and baskets. In the household they are used in carpets, upholstered furniture, window shades, towels, cover for tables, beds, and other flat surfaces, and in art. In the workplace they are used in industrial and scientific processes such as screening. Other uses include flags, backpacks, tents, nets, handkerchiefs, cleaning cloths, transportation equipment such as balloons, kites, screens, and parachutes; textiles are also used to provide reinforcement in composite materials such as fiberglass and industrial geotextiles. Textiles are used in many traditional handicrafts such as sewing, knitting and embroidery.
Textiles for industrial use, and selected for characteristics other than their appearance, usually referred to as textile technical. Technical textiles include textile structures for automotive applications, medical textiles (eg implants), geotextiles (embankment reinforcement)), agrotextiles (textiles for crop protection), protective clothing (eg heat and radiation for fire fighting, against metal liquid for welders, puncture protection, and bullet proof vests). In all these applications strict performance requirements must be met. Woven yarn coated with nano oxide wire, laboratory fabrics have proven capable of "self-powering nanosystems" using vibrations created by everyday actions such as wind or body movement.
Source and type
Textiles are made of many materials, with four main sources: animals (wool, silk), plants (minerals (asbestos, glass fibers), and synthetic (nylon, The first three are natural. In the 20th century, they were equipped with artificial fibers made from petroleum.
Textiles are made in various strengths and levels of endurance, from the best microfibre made of thinner strands from one denier to the sturdiest canvas. Textile manufacturing terminology has many descriptive terms, ranging from thin fabrics such as gauze to heavy grosgrain fabrics and so on.
Animal
Animal textiles are usually made of hair, fur, leather or silk (in the case of silkworms).
Wool refers to the hair of a domestic sheep or goat, which is distinguished from other animal hair types because individual strands are coated with scales and tightly wrinkled, and the wool as a whole is coated with a mixture of wax known as lanolin (sometimes called fat wool), which is resistant water and dirt. Woolen refers to the bulkier yarns produced from non-parallel fibers, whereas the worst refers to the finer spun yarn of longer fibers that have been combed in parallel. Wool is generally used for warm clothing. Cashmere, Indian cashmere goat hair, and mohair, North African goat hair goat, is a type of wool known for its softness.
Other animal textiles made of hair or hair are alpaca wool, vicuÃÆ' Â ± wool, llama wool, and camel hair, commonly used in the production of coats, jackets, ponchos, blankets and other warm covers. Angora refers to the long, thick, soft hair of angora rabbits. Qiviut is the smooth wool in the muskox.
Wadmal is a rough fabric made of wool, produced in Scandinavia, mostly 1000 ~ 1500 CE.
Silk is an animal textile made from Chinese caterpillar fiber spun spun into fine fabrics cherished for its softness. There are two main types of silk: 'mulberry silk' produced by Bombyx Mori, and 'wild sutera' like Tussah silk. Silkworms produce the first kind if cultivated in habitat with fresh mulberry leaves for consumption, while Tussah silk is produced by silkworms that eat only oak leaves. About four-fifths of the world's silk production consists of cultivated sutras.
Plant
Grass, rush, hemp, and sisal are all used in making ropes. In the first two, the whole plant is used for this purpose, while in the last two, only the fibers of the plant are used. Coir (coconut husk) is used in the manufacture of yarns, and also in floormats, doormats, brushes, mattresses, floor tiles, and firings.
Straw and bamboo are both used to make hats. Straw, a kind of dry grass, is also used for stuffing, such as kapok.
The fibers of the pulp, cotton, rice, hemp, and nettle trees are used in paper making.
Cotton, hemp, hemp, hemp, moda and even bamboo fiber are all used in clothing. PiÃÆ' Â ± a (pineapple fiber) and hemp are also fibers used in clothing, generally with a mixture of other fibers such as cotton. Nettles have also been used to make fibers and fabrics very similar to flax or hemp. The use of milkweed stalk fibers has also been reported, but tends to be somewhat weaker than other fibers such as flax or hemp.
The inner skin of a lacebark tree is a fine net that has been used to make garments and accessories and utilitarian goods such as ropes.
Acetate is used to increase the luster of certain fabrics such as silk, velvet, and taffetas.
Seaweed is used in textile production: a water-soluble fiber known as alginate is produced and used as a retaining fiber; when the fabric is finished, the alginate is reconstituted, leaving the open area.
Lyocell is a synthetic fabric derived from wood pulp. These are often described as synthetic silk equivalents; it is a hard cloth that is often mixed with other fabrics - cotton, for example.
Fiber from the stem of a plant, such as hemp, hemp, and nettle, is also known as the 'tree bark' fiber.
Mineral
Asbestos and basalt fibers are used for vinyl tiles, tarpaulins and adhesives, "transite" panels and walls, acoustic ceilings, stage curtains, and fire blankets.
Glass fibers are used in the production of ironing boards and mattress covers, straps and cables, reinforcing fibers for composite materials, insect webs, fireproof and protective fabrics, soundproof, flame retardant, and insulating fibers. The glass fiber is woven and coated with Teflon to produce a beta fabric, an almost flame retardant fabric that replaces nylon in the outer layer of US space clothing since 1968.
Metal fibers, metal foils, and metal wires have various uses, including the production of gold-cloth and jewelry. Fabric Hardware (US term only) is a rough steel wire mesh, used in construction. It's like standard window screening, but it's heavier and with a more open weave.
Natural and synthetic minerals and fabrics can be combined, such as on an abrasive cloth, an abrasive abrasive coating is glued onto a cloth base. Also, "sand cloth" is the US term for fine wire with adhesive attached to it, used as an abrasive or rough abrasive.
Synthetic
Synthetic textiles are used primarily in clothing production, as well as the manufacture of geotextiles.
Polyester fibers are used in all types of clothing, either alone or mixed with fibers such as cotton.
Aramid fibers (eg Twaron) are used for fireproof clothing, cut protectors, and armor.
Acrylic is a fiber used to mimic wool, including cashmere, and is often used as their replacement.
Nylon is a fiber used to mimic silk; used in the production of pantyhose. The thick nylon fibers are used in ropes and outer garments.
Spandex (trade name Lycra ) is a polyurethane product that can be strictly manufactured without impeding movement. This is used to create activewear, bra, and swimwear.
Olefin fibers are the fibers used in activewear, coating, and warm clothing. Olefins are hydrophobic, allowing them to dry quickly. Sintered olefin fiber fibers are sold under the trade name Tyvek.
Ingeo is a polylactide fiber that is mixed with other fibers such as cotton and used in clothing. It's more hydrophilic than most other synthetics, allowing it to wipe away sweat.
Lurex is a metal fiber used in garment decoration.
Milk proteins have also been used to make synthetic fabrics. Milk or fiber casein fabric was developed during World War I in Germany, and developed further in Italy and America during the 1930s. Milk fiber fabrics are not very durable and easily tangled, but have a pH similar to human skin and have anti-bacterial properties. Marketed as renewable synthetic fiber that can be decomposed by biodegradable.
Carbon fibers are widely used in composite materials, along with resins, such as carbon fiber reinforced plastics. The fibers are made of polymer fibers through carbonization.
Production method
Weaving is a method of textile production involving a long string of yarn (called warp) with a set of crossroads (called a feed). This is done on frames or machines known as looms, of which there are a number of types. Some weaving is still done by hand, but most of it is mechanized.
Knitting, looping, and crocheting involve braided thread, which is formed either on knitting needles, needles, or on knitted hooks, together in a single line. The process differs in knitting that has several active loops at one time, on knitting needles waiting to interlock with other loops, while Looping and crocheting never have more than one active loop on the needle. Knitting can be done by machine, but crochet can only be done by hand.
Spread Tow is a production method in which the yarn is spread to thin bands, and then the tapes are woven as warp and weft. This method is widely used for composite materials; spreading tow cloth can be made in carbon, aramide, ect.
Braiding or woven involves twisting yarn together into cloth. Knotting involves bonding together yarns and is used in making macrame.
The lace is made by connecting the threads together independently, using the backing and one of the methods described above, to create a soft cloth with open holes in the workplace. Lace can be made by hand or machine.
Carpets, rugs, velvets, velor, and velvet are made by weaving a secondary thread through a woven fabric, creating a tufted layer known as a nap or a pile.
Felting involves suppressing the fiber mats together, and working together until they become tangled. Fluids, such as soapy water, are usually added to lubricate the fibers, and to open microscopic scales on wool strands.
Nonwoven textiles are produced by fiber bonds to make fabrics. Bonding may be thermal or mechanical, or adhesives may be used.
Leather rods are made by pounding bark until soft and even.
Treatment
Textiles are often dyed, with fabrics available in almost every color. The dyeing process often requires several tens of gallons of water for each pound of clothing. Colored designs in textiles can be made by weaving together different colored fibers (tartan or Uzbek Ikat), adding colored stitches to finish fabrics (embroidery), creating patterns by rejecting the dyeing method, tying up the fabric areas and tinting the rest (tie- coloring), or drawing wax designs on fabrics and coloring between them (batik), or using various printing processes on finished fabrics. The printing of wooden beams, still used in India and elsewhere today, is the oldest of which is at least 220 CE in China. Textiles are also sometimes bleached, making textiles pale or white.
Textiles are sometimes solved by chemical processes to change their characteristics. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, starching was used to make clothing more resistant to stains and wrinkles.
Eisengarn, which means "iron thread" in English, is a reflective, light material found in Germany in the 19th century. This is made by soaking cotton yarn in a solution of starch and paraffin wax. The thread is then stretched and polished with a roller and a steel brush. The end result of this process is a shiny, very tearproof thread.
Since the 1990s, with technological advances such as a permanent press process, finishing agents have been used to strengthen the fabric and make it wrinkle free. Recently, nanomaterial research has led to additional advances, with companies like Nano-Tex and NanoHorizons developing a permanent treatment based on metal nanoparticles to make textiles more resistant to things like water, smudges, wrinkles, and pathogens such as bacteria and fungi.
Textiles receive various treatments before reaching the end user. From completed formaldehyde (to increase fold resistance) to biocidic finish and from flame retardants to coloring many types of fabrics, the possibilities are virtually unlimited. However, many of these settlements may also have a detrimental effect on end users. A number of disperse, acidic and reactive dyes (for example) have been shown to be allergic to sensitive individuals. Furthermore, special dyes in this group have also been shown to induce purpura contact dermatitis.
Although the level of formaldehyde in clothing is unlikely to be high enough to cause an allergic reaction, because of the presence of such chemicals, quality control and testing are of the utmost importance. Flame retardants (especially in the form of bromination) are also of concern where the environment, and their potential toxicity, are concerned. Tests for these additives are possible in a number of commercial laboratories, it is also possible to test textiles in accordance with the Oeko-tex certification standards that contain the level of limits for the use of certain chemicals in textile products.
See also
References
Further reading
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Fisher, Nora. Rio Grande Textiles (Paperbound ed.). New Mexico Press Museum. Ã, Introduction by Teresa Archuleta-Sagel. 196 pages with 125 black and white and color plates. Fisher is Emirta Curator, Textile & amp; International Folk Art Museum Costume. - Good, Irene (2006). "Textiles as a Media Exchange in Third Millennium B.C.E. Western Asia". In Mair, Victor H. Contacts and Exchange in the Ancient World . Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 191-214. ISBN 978-0-8248-2884-4.
- Arai, Masanao (Gunma Textile Industry Research Institute). "From Kitsch to Art Moderne: Popular Textiles for Women in the First Half of the Twentieth Century Japan" (Archive). The American Society of Textile Symposiums . American Textile Society, January 1, 1998.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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