cotton factory is a home-supported spinning or spinning machine for cotton or cotton yarn production, an important product during the Industrial Revolution when the initial plant was important in the development of the factory system.
Although some are driven by animal powers, most of the early factories are built in rural locations near rivers and streams that flow fast and have water wheels to move them. The development of a viable rotative steam engine by Boulton and Watt led from 1781 to a larger growth, steam power plant and allowed them to be concentrated in urban factory cities, especially Manchester, which with Salford's neighbors had more than 50 factories in 1802.
Mechanization of the spinning process in the early factories was instrumental in the growth of the machine tool industry, enabling the construction of larger cotton factories. The limited company was developed to build the factory, and the trading floor of cotton exchange in Manchester, creating a vast commercial city. Mills produce jobs, attract workers from rural areas and expand urban populations. They provide income for girls and women. Child labor is used in factories, and factory systems lead to organized labor. Bad conditions were the subject of the exhibition, and in England, the Factory Story was written to organize it.
The cotton plant, originally the Lancashire phenomenon, was copied in New England and later in the southern states of America. In the 20th century, Northwest England lost its supremacy to the United States, then to India and then to China.
Video Cotton mill
History
In the mid-16th century, Manchester was an important manufacturing center for woollens and linen and markets for textiles made elsewhere. The Lancashire fusion district, from Blackburn to Bolton, west to Wigan and Leigh and south to Manchester, using raw hemp and raw cotton imported along Mersey and Irwell Navigation.
Primary discovery
During the manufacture of the Industrial Revolution cotton changed from domestic industry to mechanization, made possible by the discovery and advancement of technology. The weaving process was first mechanized by the invention of the John Kay plane in 1733. The manually operated spinning Jenny developed by James Hargreaves around 1764 accelerated the spinning process. The spinning principle of Paul and Bourne became the basis of the Richard Arkwright spinning frame and the water frame, patented in 1769. The principles of jenny and the rotating water frame were combined by Samuel Crompton in his spinning mule in 1779, but hydro power was not applied until 1792. Many factories were built after the Arkwright patent expired in 1783 and in 1788, there were about 210 factories in England. The development of cotton factories is related to the development of their own machines. In 1774, 30,000 people in Manchester were employed using a domestic system in the manufacture of cotton. Handloom weaving survived in the mid-19th century but cotton swirled in a plant that relies on hydropower and then steam power using fuel from the Lancashire Coalfield began to develop before 1800.
The first factory (1740-1815)
Paul-Wyatt's factories
The first cotton mill was established in the 1740s for a home roller spinning machine created by Lewis Paul and John Wyatt. The machines were the first to rotate cotton mechanically "without human finger interference". They are driven by a single non-human resource that allows the use of larger engines and allows to centralize production to organized factories. Four factories were set up to lay off Paul and Wyatt engines in this decade after his patent in 1738: Short-lived Cotton Upper Cotton, Birmingham animals in 1741; Marvel's Mill in Northampton operated from 1742 to 1764 and was the first to be supported by a water wheel; The Pinsley Mill at Leominster probably opened in 1744 and operated until it burned in 1754; and the second factory in Birmingham founded by Samuel Touchet in 1744, about the little-known, but successful enough for Touchet later to find a lease at a plant in Northampton. Paul-Wyatt's factories twisted cotton for decades but were not very profitable, being the ancestors of the cotton mill that followed.
Arkwright-type factory
Richard Arkwright obtained a patent for his water-frame spinning machine in 1769. Although the technology is similar to Lewis Paul, John Wyatt, James Hargreaves, and Thomas Highs, the strength of the Arctic organization, business acumen, and the ambition of establishing a cotton mill as a success. business model and revolutionary example of factory system. The first factory of Arkwright - powered by horses in Nottingham in 1768 - is similar to Paul and Wyatt's first factory, although in 1772 it has grown to four floors and employs 300 workers. In 1771, while the Nottingham plant was in experimental stage, Arkwright and his colleagues began working at Cromford Mill in Derbyshire, which "was to prove a major turning point in the history of the plant system". This is similar to the Paul-Wyatt water mill in Northampton in many ways, but is built on a different scale, influenced by Old Silk Mill John Perle at Derby and Soho Matthew Boulton Factory in Birmingham. Built as a five-story stone box; high, long and narrow, with a range of windows along the sides and relatively unbroken internal space, provided the basic architectural prototype followed by the cotton mill and the British industrial architecture until the late 19th century.
Arkwright recruited a large and disciplined workforce for his factory, managing credit and supply and cultivating mass consumer markets for its products. In 1782, his annual profits exceeded 40,000 pounds, and by 1784 he had opened 10 more plants. He licensed his technology to other entrepreneurs and in 1782 boasted that his machine was used by "a number of adventurers living in districts in Derby, Leicester, Nottingham, Worcester, Stafford, York, Hertford and Lancashire" and in 1788 there were 143 types Arkwright nationally. The starting plant is light, narrow construction - about 9 feet (2.7 m) wide - and low in height, with a ceiling height of only 6-8Ã, ft. The factories are supported by water wheels and illuminated by daylight. Mills are made by millwrights, builders and founders of iron. By the end of the 18th century there were about 900 cotton factories in England, of which about 300 were large Arkwright type factories employing 300 to 400 workers; the rest, small factories using jennies or mules, were moved by hand or horse and employed at least 10 workers.
Initial steam factory
Prior to 1780, only hydropower was available to power large factories, but they depended on a constant stream of water and built in rural locations, causing labor supply problems, material transportation and access to urban traders for large factory owners. The steam engine has been used for pumping water since the invention of the atmospheric engine by Thomas Newcomen in 1712 and, starting with a machine installed at Haarlem Mill Arkwright in Wirksworth, Derbyshire in 1780, was used to supplement the water supply to the cotton wheel mill.
In 1781 James Watt registered a patent for the first rotative steam engine designed to "give movement to the mill's wheels or other machines". Concerns remain above the steam power supplied by the steam engine to the cotton mill, where the regularity of the resulting yarn depends on the regularity of the power supply, and it is not until 1785 at Papplewick, at the Robinson Factory near Nottingham that the steam engine is successfully used to drive the cotton mill in directly. The Boulton and Watt engines allow the plant to be built in the urban context and transform the economy of Manchester, whose interests have previously been the center for pre-industrial spinning and weaving based on the domestic system. Manchester did not own a cotton mill until the opening of Arkwright's Shudehill Mill in 1783 and in 1789 Peter Drinkwater opened the Piccadilly Mill - the first factory in town directly steam-powered and in 1800 Manchester had 42 factories, having defeated all rival textile centers for became the heart of the cotton-making trade.
Water continues to be used to drive rural factories but factories, driven by steam, are built in towns along rivers or canals to provide water for machines. Murrays' Mills with the Rochdale Channel, at Ancoats powered by a Boulton and Watt beam 40-hp engine. Some are built as space and power plants, which make room for entrepreneurs. Factory, often 'L' or U-shaped, narrow and storied. Home machines, warehouses and offices are inside the factory, although the ladder towers are outside. Windows is square and smaller than in the next factory. The walls are made of unbranded brick. Construction is sometimes for fireproof design. The factories are distinguished from the warehouses in the warehouses which have doors on each floor with an external hoist beam. Only larger factories survive.
Mills this period from 25-68 m in length and 11.5 m to 14 m wide. They can be eight floors high and have a basement and attic. Floor height varies from 3.3 to 2.75 m upstairs.
Boiler is a cart type; The chimney is square or rectangular, attached to the factory, and in some cases a section of the ladder column. The steam engine is usually a low pressure single cylinder condensing cylinder engine. The average strength in 1835 was 48 hp. Power is transmitted by the main vertical shaft with bevel gears to the horizontal axis. The factories then have gas lighting using gas produced on site. The donkeys with the spindle 250-350 are placed transversely to get as much light as possible.
Early weave factory
The development of the plant for the mechanization of the weaving process is more gradual in part due to the successful invention of the 1770 John Kay plane on an aircraft, which increases the productivity of domestic hand-weaving weavers. Kay took the patent for the application of water power to the Dutch loom in 1745 and opened a weaving factory at Keighley in 1750, but nothing is known about its success. Further attempts to mechanize the weaving process took place at Garrett Hall in Manchester in 1750 but were unsuccessful in allowing one worker to operate more than one loom. The first electric loom to be patented by Edmund Cartwright in 1785, though originally a primitive tool, established the basic principle that would be used in electrical grinding until the twentieth century. In 1788 Cartwright opened the Revolution Mill in Doncaster which was powered by Boulton and Watt steam engines and had 108 electric looms on three floors as well as a spinning machine, but it was not commercially successful and was closed in 1790. The second factory used the Cartwright engine, opened in Manchester in 1790 but was burnt to the ground by hand weaving looms within two years. In 1803 there were only 2,400 electric looms operating in England.
Factory in America early
In the United States, Beverly Cotton's early-powered horse factory was designed by Thomas Somers, who started construction and testing facilities in 1787, completing plant equipment in 1788. The experience of this factory led to Moses Brown of Providence to enlist the help of an expert in spinning water-powered. Samuel Slater, an immigrant and trained textile worker from England, accepted Brown's proposal, and assisted with the design and construction of Slater Mill, built in 1790 on the Blackstone River in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. Slater avoided any emigration restrictions imposed to allow the UK to maintain its monopoly in the cotton mill. Slater Mill is similar to the Beverly Cotton factory and factory in Derbyshire where he works.
Renovation and expansion (1815-1855)
United Kingdom
From 1825, the steam engine was able to move a larger machine made of iron using better machine tools. Mills from 1825 to 1865 are generally built with wooden flooring and ceilings and ceiling plaster. William Fairbairn experimented with cast iron beams and concrete floors. Mills are sometimes local red or occasional bricks with greater attention to decoration and the main gate is often highlighted with stone decorations. The landing column is the exterior to the main floor. During this period the donkey gets wider and the bay width increases. Special plant architect appeared.
Mills of this period are tall, narrow, and wide. They are usually built with one or two wings to form 'L' or 'U' shapes. Brunswick Mill is a 28-bay factory, 6 floors 16 m to 92 m. Each self-working spinner mule has 500 spindles. A single-storey shade of north-shaded warehouse is sometimes added to the factory. The loom caused a vibration that damaged the structure of a multi-story building, and a specialized weaving mill became common. They are a one-story warehouse with machine and office homes, and preparation and warehousing in a two-story building.
Large factories remain an exception during this period. In 1833 the largest plant belonged to McConnel and the Company at Ancoats, Manchester with 1,545 workers, but in 1841 there were only 25 factories in Lancashire with 1,000 or more workers, and the average number of workers in the plant was 193.
The Lancashire boiler was patented in 1844, and an economiser in 1845. It can be seen as a square brick structure between boiler and chimney houses. The engine is a double compound double-beam machine of the type patented by McNaught in 1845. Each room in the factory will have a line axis suitable for the type of frame, connected with a belt drive or gearing.
In 1860, there were 2650 cotton factories in the Lancashire region, employing 440,000 people. Workers, 90 percent of whom are adults and 56 percent women, are paid in total? 11.5 million per year. The factories use 300,000 hp of electric power, of which 18,500 are produced by hydropower. The factories have 30,387,467 spindles and 350,000 electric machines. The industry imports 1,390,938,752 pounds of raw cotton per year. It exported 2,776,218.427 meters of cotton cloth and 197,343,655 pounds (89,513,576 kg) of twist and yarn. The total value of exports is? 32.012.380.
1860 sees the end of this period of rapid growth. The Cotton Famine of 1861-1865 was a period when American cotton became unavailable due to the American Civil War. After the war, the industrial economy changed, and a larger new plant was needed.
United States
In 1814, the Boston Manufacturing Company of New England established the "fully integrated" plant on the Charles River in Waltham, Massachusetts. Despite a ban on exporting technology from the UK, one of its owners, Francis Cabot Lowell, had traveled to Manchester to study the factory system and memorized some of its details. That same year, Paul Moody built the first successful electric loom in the United States. Moody uses an overhead pulley system and skin belting, rather than bevel gearing, to turn on the engines. The group designed the Waltham Work System, which was duplicated in Lowell, Massachusetts and several other new cities across the state. The factory girls, some ten years old, are paid less than men, but receive a fixed wage of 73 hours a week. They live in company owned boarding houses, and attend churches supported by companies.
In the 1840s George Henry Corliss of Providence, Rhode Island increased the reliability of stationary steam engines. He replaced the slide valve with a valve that uses the cams. These Corliss valves are more efficient and more reliable than their predecessors. Initially, the steam engine pumps water into the nearest reservoir that drives the water wheel, but is then used as the primary power source of the plant. The Corliss valve was adopted in England, where in 1868 more than 60 factory machines were equipped with them.
India
The large steam-powered Bowreath Cotton Mills opened at Fort Gloster near Calcutta by British interests in the 1820s, using British women to implant spinning skills to local labor. They were closed in 1837 but reopened with Dwarkanath Tagore as the major shareholder, and in 1840 lie in the center of the main industrial complex supported by five steam engines, which include mills, foundry and rum refiners.
Golden Age (1855-1898)
United Kingdom
Just before 1870, a factory built by a joint-stock company and this financial structure caused a new wave of plant construction. Oldham Limited's expression describes these companies. Family-run companies continue to build, but are grouped into associations such as the Fine Spinner Association and 'Doublers'. Joseph Stott of Oldham perfected a method of fireproof floor construction using a brick-bearing steel beam which in turn supports a concrete floor that will support heavier equipment. Ring frame replaces the donkey frame; they are heavier and larger and are placed transversely, the floor becomes larger (up to 130 feet (40 m) wide) and higher to provide light. The size of the bay at the factory is determined by the position of the machine. In 1870, the bay was usually 10 feet 6 inches (3.20 m) in size, and a 5 foot 3 inch (1.60 m) vault brick despite variations.
The engine is run at a higher pressure and from 1875, the horizontal axle is moved on each floor using a rope. This is a prominent change because the rope race should be built by running the grinding heights. Machines need more space and machine houses, boiler houses and economicians are out of the main factory. The factory continues to be larger, and sometimes paired; two factories are driven by one machine. Another change is the tendency to have cards on one floor. To achieve this, the ground floor extended to the rear of the factory is often full factory width. In one factory, the transverse line divides the blowing chamber from the others, because herein is the greatest fire risk.
Mills became wider, Houldsworth Mill, Reddish (1865) was 35 m wide and housed 1200 spindles of mules. It's four floors and has sixteen bays on each side of the central machine house; a double factory. The central block provides office and warehousing. A factory has a variety of additional buildings. The column stairs often extend over the plant and place the water tank for the sprinkler system. The higher floors allow for higher windows. Accrington bricks were used from 1890, adorned with yellow sandstone with brick and terracotta feature set up. Engraved and stained glass used in the office. Mills is designed by specialist architects and architectural qualities to be a key consideration.
The strength required and provided to encourage these factories is increasing. The beam machine was installed until 1870 when the horizontal engine took over. Abbey Mill Oldham (1876) requires 700 hp, Nile Mill (1896) requires 2500 hp. In 1890, the boiler produced 160 psi, and the horizontal expansion of three became standard. The chimney is an octagonal.
United States
After the American Civil War, the factory grew. They are built in the southern states of South Carolina, Alabama, and Mississippi where cheap labor and abundant water power make operations profitable. Cotton can be processed into fabric where it grows, saving transportation costs. The plant is usually a combination of milling, (spinning and weaving) that is water-powered and uses a slow burning design technique. They use belt systems and drive pulleys, and ring frames that are heavier than mules. At this point they just spin and weave a rough amount. The factories were mainly in open countries and factory cities were formed to support them. New England factories find it increasingly difficult to compete, and as in Lancashire, gradually decline to bankrupt during the Great Depression. The cotton mill and its owner dominated the economy and politics in Piedmont until the 20th century.
Asia
The modern Indian mechanical textile industry was born in 1854, when a steam power plant was opened in Bombay by Cowasjee N. Davar. More followed: there were 10 by 1865 and 47 by 1875. In 1880 there were 58 factories in India employing 40,000 workers, with over 80% of them in Bombay and Ahmedabad cities. From the 1870s the Indian market itself to threads and finished fabrics ceased to be controlled by imports from Lancashire, and during the 1870s and 1880s the Bombay cotton industry began to replace the export of yarns from England to China.
Edwardian Factory (1898-1914)
The cotton industry is subject to the cycle of explosion and deterioration, which causes the wave of factory buildings. There is an optimism that declares that deterioration must be maintained and then there will be a period of greater prosperity. Limited companies take over spinning, while space and power systems are the norm for weaving warehouses. One point of view in the 1880s was that vertically integrating the weaving warehouse into new factories would reduce costs and generate greater profits. This route has been followed in New England, where it works, but not in Lancashire. The industry reached its peak in 1907. A severe decline in 1908, which lasted until 1918, but 1919 and 1920 was more profitable than the peak year of 1907.
United Kingdom
Production peaked in 1912. The War of 1914-1918 caused the Lancashire industry to retreat. The British government, which lacks raw cotton, sets up a factory in South Asia to export spinning copied technology, and becomes a low cost competitor. In Germany, Flanders and Brazil, the factory was built for Oldham architect design. The only new plant is huge to benefit from economies of scale. The older plant is equipped with rings, and the engine is powered by individual electric motors.
Mills of this period are great, their luxurious decor reflects the taste and prosperity of the Edwardian. Most factories are built for mules. Kent Mill Chadderton (1908) is five floors, 11 bay mill, 84.6m x 43.9m. It has 90,000 spindles. The ring frame is smaller and heavier than the donkey so the plant is narrower with fewer levels. Pear Mill Bredbury (1912) is planned to be 210,000 double milling. Only the first factory finished, it has 137,000 spindles. They have more pole ladders than the previous factory, having a dust chimney that is often built into a rope race. There are two or three windows per bay. The decor is often in the terracotta and the name of the factory is displayed in white bricks in the stair tower or chimney. Stott and Sons use the Byzantine style at Broadstone Mill, Reddish. The specialist architect builds a new factory and then creates the extension. The last steam power plant, Elk Mill, was built by Arthur Turner
Mules were built with 1300 spindles, but gradually replaced with rings.
An increasingly powerful engine needs more boilers with economisers and superheater. Mills need a reservoir to supply the boiler and condense the steam. The chimneys were round and taller. Three types of engines are used: triple expansion cross compound engines, more compact Inverted marine type compounds, and Manhattans with vertical and horizontal cylinders such as 3500 hp engine at New Pear Mill. Rope drives are used exclusively. Electricity is gradually introduced first in group drives that move the shaft (Little Mill, 1908), and then on individual machines.
United States
The plant built in South Carolina is increasing in size. At Rutledge Ford, the Saluda River is dammed and power plants are built. It was completed in 1904 before the construction of a state-of-the-art textile factory in 1906. The power plant provided for 4,800 horsepower. The factory contains 30,000 spindles. In 1916 a new factory was built, containing 70,200 spindles and 1,300 looms. The city was called Ware Shoals. Between 1904 and 1916, the Ware Shoals population grew from 2 people employed to maintain a newly built power plant, to 2,000. In the 1960s the factory employed 5,000 people. It closed in 1985.
Consolidation (1918-50)
Although the business was revived in 1919, the shortage of building materials restricted the construction of new plants, and financial activities with factories seeking recapitalization. There is no clear concession on the reasons for the final decline. Some people say that cotton men concentrate on making money easily regardless of the possibility of foreign competition being best countered by larger factories by retooling the factory with a more modern ring frame. Daniels and Jewkes argue that the underlying cause of depression is a change in demand for cotton goods. J. M. Keynes suggested that there was excess capacity, and the industry had to be reorganized into larger units that would undermine excess capacity.
The Lancashire Cotton Corporation is a company founded by the Bank of England in 1929, to save the Lancashire spinning industry by way of consolidation. In the merger of 105 companies, ended in 1950 with 53 factories in operation. This is a bigger factory then. It was purchased by Courtaulds in August 1964.
The factories then reside on the outskirts of the spinning areas in Wigan and Stockport, The availability of labor is cited as an excuse. The final plant was completed in 1927, this is the Holden Mill (Astley Bridge Mill) and Elk Mill.
In 1929, for the first time there were more spindles in the US than in Britain. In 1972, India had a larger herding than the United States, and in turn it was surpassed by China in 1977.
Cotton factory at the end of the 20th century (1950-2000)
Spinning drop in England
Although there was little revival after 1945, the factories were closed. The most efficient plants have left their steam engines, and are working on the framework with individual electric motors. Broadport Mills Stockport, built as a double milling with 265,000 mule spindles, but in 1959, it operated 37,500 parchment spindles and 70,000 spindle rings. It was closed in 1959 taking advantage of the 1959 Cotton Industrial Act and later used by the mail ordering company John Myers. One factory was later dismantled so the others were used as Shopping Outlet Center and Craft Village. Capacity reductions lead to relics of redundant mills, which are readily reusable for other industrial uses.
Ring spinning technology has successfully replaced the spinning mule, with factories that have turned donkeys into rings. But in the 1970s, the industry's shortcomings were challenged by new open-end technologies or break spinning. In 1978, Carrington Viyella opened the factory to conduct open-end spinning at Atherton. This is the first new textile production facility in Lancashire since 1929. Soon Pear Mill, Stockport, and Alder Mill, Leigh is closed. These are both Edwardian factories designed by Stott and Sons. The factory built in 1978 was built at the site of the Howe Bridge factory and was named Unit One. It's not an open end factory but a combed cotton mill.
Modern cotton factory
Modern spinning mills are primarily built around an open end spinning technique using a rotor or spinning ring technique using spindles. In 2009 there were 202,979,000 spindle ring spinning installed worldwide, of which 82% were in Asia or Oceania and 44% were in China. In the same year there were 7,975,000 completed open-end spinning rotor, with 44% of them in Asia or Oceania and 29% in Eastern Europe. The average age of installed rotor is much lower than the spindle and since the rotor is between 7 and 10 times more productive, they are responsible for 20% of cotton spun around the world.
Modern cotton factories are getting more automatic. One large factory in Virginia in the United States employs 140 workers in 2013 to produce output that would require more than 2,000 workers in 1980.
Maps Cotton mill
Location
Cotton factory is not limited to Lancashire but is built in northeast Cheshire, Derbyshire, Nottingham, West Riding of Yorkshire, Bristol, Durham and western Scotland. The availability of rivers or streams to provide electricity determines the location of early factories some of which are located in remote areas. In Lancashire they are built on rivers and streams that descend from Pennines and Rossendale moorland. In some places, a very small stream produced a series of small factories such as the Cheesden Valley between Ramsbottom and Heywood. where 14 plants and their storage and ponds are concentrated along the four miles of the river. Mills is built around Rochdale and Littleborough. In northern Bury, ten mills occupy a mile-long river stretch in Shuttleworth Valley. Other factories were built north of the Ribble River and a group of five factories in Caton near the harbor in Lancaster, one of which belonged to Samuel Greg who built the Quarry Bank Mill at Styal in Cheshire. Not all water-powered factories are in rural areas, after 1780 factories built in Blackburn and Burnley.
In Scotland, four cotton factories were built in Rothsay on the Isle of Bute using a workforce with experience in the linen industry. In 1800 there were two water-powered factories at the Gatehouse of Fleet that employed 200 children and 100 adults. Robert Owen who worked for Peter Drinkwater in Manchester, developed a factory in New Lanark built by his father-in-law, David Dale under license from Arkwright.
Architecture
Flame retardant construction
Cotton plant is a big fire risk, cotton fiber in the air can form an explosive mixture in the gas-lit interior. The first factory to use refractory construction was built in Shropshire and Derbyshire in the 1790s and Philips & amp; The Lee plant was built in Salford in 1801-2. Fireproofing takes the form of cast iron columns and beams that give rise to jack arches filled with ash or sand and covered with stone flags or floor boards. In some factories the wood is also removed from the roof structure supported by cast or wrought iron. Until the properties of cast iron are properly understood, some factories built using early technology collapse. In Manchester extensive testing of cast iron as a structural material was done by Eaton Hodgkinson and William Fairbairn in the early 1820s. Expensive refractory construction and wood, sometimes plated casts or metals continued to be used throughout the 19th century. Steel beams and reinforced concrete floors were introduced in a limited way in the 1880s but were not widely adopted in the Lancashire factory until the 20th century.
Other factors
Cotton is sensitive to temperature and humidity. Heating systems use wrought iron pipes hung at 7 feet (2.1 m) to bring steam under pressure. In summer the system is rarely used but in winter, the boiler will be lit two hours before the turn starts to warm the plant. When heat is applied moisture falls and humidifiers systems, either atomisers that play air jets against water jets or that inject a mixture of flow/air into the room.
The initial fire-fighting system uses a sprinkler supplied by water captured on a flat roof in a shallow tank. Then the factory has a water tank at the top of the ladder tower. Water for sprinklers should be protected from freezing and evaporation. The water pressure should be above 7 psi, and the header tank is at least 15 feet (4.6 m) above the highest sprinkler. The provision of light, water tank and heating system defines the structure and shape of the plant.
Machine
Power
The earliest cotton factories are driven by water, so they need to be placed in fast-flowing streams. From about 1820, stationary steam engines became the normal form of power for a cotton mill, water still needed to produce steam and to solidify it, to keep moisture, for many finishing processes and for firefighting. Water is extracted from rivers and canals, then factories that need more water, build and maintain their own reservoirs.
In 1781 James Watt marketed a rotary steam engine that could be adapted to drive all types of machinery, Richard Arkwright pioneered its use in its cotton mill. Probably the first steam engine used in the cotton mill was the Newcomen machine used at Shudehill Mill in 1783 to increase water between the storage pools so as to move the water wheel. In 1795 the most similar machines around Manchester had been replaced by the Boulton and Watt or Bateman and Sherratt engines.
Electricity was introduced in 1877. The steam engine pushed the generator to provide electric lighting. In the 1890s this was common. Electricity was used to power the engine of the plant in 1906. It was built in the engine house, and one group electric motor drive was placed on each floor to move its axis. The generator is placed outside the plant as it is considered a fire risk. The mains factory was started around 1907. Then the factory used individual electric motors to start the engine.
Transmission
The starting plant has a vertical axis to take power from the flywheel. On each floor, the horizontal axis is involved with the main axle using bevel gearing. American factories use thick leather bands instead of shafts. The new approach is to use thick cotton ropes. The drum strap is mounted on a flywheel with chunks of channels for each rope. The profile is like giving maximum adherence.
Spinning
A spinning mill opens a raw cotton ball and cleans cotton in the blow room. The cotton staples are carded into the lap and straightened and drawn to a rotating roving using either a donkey or a ring frame. Yarn can be duplicated and processed into yarn, or prepared for weaving.
Minerva Mill, Ashton-under-Lyne was designed by P. S. Stott and equipped by John Hetherington and Son, producing 40 and 65 wefts. That's typical of an 1890s factory.
The self-acting mule frame (Roberts 1830) is an improvement on Crompton's Mule (1779) derived from the prior art. Mules were used in a 19th century factory for the best count, the skilled workers needed to operate it.
The frame ring (1929) was developed from the Throstle (19th century) frame of enhancement on the Arkwright Air frame. Initially the rings are only suitable for rough quantities, they are lower and heavier than the donkeys thus requiring more powerful flooring but lower rooms. Over time, the rings became well suited for better quantities and because of the cheaper labor cost they replaced the donkeys. By 1950 all the factories had been converted to the Ring framework. The Eagle factory in Shaw near Oldham still operates the frames of the cotton marbles in 1964/65.
Weaving
A weaving mill requires a suitable yarn for warp and weft. The arch should be conveyed on the beam, or cuts on the beam from the cheese by the beamer. To get the extra power needed, the yarn is sized on the sizer. The feed was tied to the pirate for the space shuttle at the pirates. This preparation process complements the woven yarn. One weaver will operate 4 or 6 looms. Self-employed looms will stop when any thread breaks, and threads must be picked or cut. The process requires a greater degree of light than spinning, and weaving warehouses are often only single-storey, with north-facing lights. Placing the loom to the ground also reduces the problems caused by the vibration of the operation.
Powerloom The Cartwright (1785) was made reliable by the power of Robert cast iron (1822) and became perfected by Kenworthy and Bullough Lancashire Loom (1854). Northrop or Draper Loom (1895) replaced this old design.
Working conditions
The factories are famous for hiring women, giving them independent income. In Lancashire and Piedmont, South Carolina child labor is well documented.
Child labor in the United Kingdom
The Lancashire and Derbyshire plants require cheap labor sources. Poor children are boys and girls between the ages of 7 and 21, who depend on people who feel bad. Factory owners make contracts with guardians in London and southern counties to supply them poor, in batches of 50 or more, to become apprentices. Poor living conditions in 'Prentice House', and children paid 2 days work shift 15 hours, warm bed with children in other shifts.
Robert Owen is a millowner in New Lanark. He never employed children under the age of ten, and opposed corporal punishment in schools and factories. He lobbied for parliamentary action, resulting in The Health and Morals of Apprentices Act 1802.
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- Working hours are limited to twelve days
- Boys and girls sleep in separate dormitories with no more than two beds each
- Education must be provided in the art of writing and numeracy
- Each student is given two clothing suits
- On Sundays children are instructed in Christian worship
- Sanitation is improved
Regulation was ineffective until the factories were inspected in 1833 with the establishment of a factory inspectorate consisting of four factory inspectors who had the power of judges. This does not reduce the number of children, part-time workers work early in the factory and spend the afternoon in the school room. While the number of children who work in spinning as tenter performs a setback, more are employed in weaving because weavers are expected to add looms.
From the Factory Act of 1844, up to 1878 records did not distinguish between full-time and a half times. In 1851, a large number of children worked in the factory. For example, In Glossop, there are 931 children (out of 3562) between 5 and 13 working in cotton factories. In one factory in 1859, 50.2% of the workforce was female, 24.2% were female, 19% were male and 6.6% were male.
Child labor (sic) in the United States
The Carolinas factories were developed from 1880, and would employ children in preference to adults. At Newton Mill, North Carolina, in 1909, twenty of the 150 workers observed, appeared to be twelve years of age or less. As well as the usual reports of the hands and fingers cut off by the engine and the unbearable heat, the inhaled dust causes a fatal condition known as the brown lung. Laws are rarely enforced, and the presence of small children in the factory is explained to inspectors who say they visit the factory to bring food to their parents (food is running), or help but not on the payroll (helper). Good wages for workers who can earn $ 2 a day in the factory against $ 0.75 on a farm. In the separate south, 'Blacks' are not allowed to work in the mill; if they need child labor will be eliminated. Child laborers stop here not only because of new laws but also changes in the types of machines caused by the Great Depression, which demands higher upgrades and skills.
Female
In 1926 while at its peak, the Lancashire cotton industry worked 57.3 million spindles and 767,500 looms. It imports 3.3 million bales and exports 80% of its production. 61% of the 575,000 cotton cooperatives in Lancashire are women, of which 61% are unionized in 167 different unions
States
The 18th century wool industry from small producers in southern England is much different from the worst industries in Yorkshire where clothing is imported and has raw materials and sells fabrics. He works for small weavers, basically, hiring them. Worsted is more capital-intensive. The small weavers unite to form a self-help guild. When Lancashire adopted cotton, a similar process occurred. But at the Lancashire cotton mill, the spinning became a male occupation, and union traditions went into the factory. Since spinners are 'assisted' by some 'piecers' there is a group of trained workers to replace any spinner whose owner cares for dismissal. Well-paid donkey pads are 'barefoot aristocrats' of labor and organized in the 19th century. They pay union dues, and are well placed to cover themselves if strikes are needed. Yorkshire's worst industry, adopting a ring frame that requires fewer skills. Spinning wool is a job for young girls. Unionism did not develop in Yorkshire until 1914. In 1913, the figures showed 50% of cotton cooperatives were uniform while only 10% of wool and workers were the worst.
In Lancashire there are:
The Union of Spinners, the Combined Cotton Operation Spinners Association has a federal structure with strong central leadership in which control is in the hands of a small group of paid officials. Their dues are high, so the battle funds are large and their officials are skilled in maintaining a complex wage structure.
Workers health
Cotton factory is not a healthy place to work. The air in the plant should be hot and humid so that the thread is not broken: 18 ° C to 26 ° C and 85% normal moisture. The air in the factory is thick with cotton dust, which can cause byssinosis - a lung disease.
The protective mask was introduced after the war, but some workers wore it because they made them uncomfortable in stifling conditions. The same applies to ear protectors. Air causes skin infections, eye infections, bronchitis, and tuberculosis. The noise level in the weaving shop, where the 500 luggage plus looms are pounding 200 times per minute causes the deafness rate at all who work there. Lubrication is carcinogenic and causes cancers of the mouth and scrotum cancer; known as cancer mule-spinners.
A factory worker can expect to work for thirteen hours a day, six days a week with two weeks off for a summer vacation in the summer. Not surprisingly, a series of Factory Stories were passed to try to improve this condition.
In the early days when cotton towns thrived, the living conditions of the workers became bad. Poorly planned housing is really crowded. Open sewers and place sharing cause diseases such as cholera; Manchester was hit by an epidemic in 1831 that claimed hundreds of lives.
Art and literature
- William Blake Jerusalem - a dark demon factory.
- Mrs. Gaskell: Mary Barton (1848), North and South (1855)
- L. S. Lowry
- Charles Sheeler
See also
- Hunger cotton
- Cottonopolis
- Like Family: World Manufacture of South Cotton Factory (book)
- Stott, architect of the cotton factory
- Textile manufacture
- Water frame
References
Note
Foot Records
Bibliography
External links
- 1921 John Hetherington & amp; Sons Catalog Illustration and description of all machines used in cotton processing.
- www.spinningtheweb.org.uk
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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