Latex allergy is a medical term that covers allergic reactions to proteins present in natural rubber latex. Latex allergy generally develops after repeated exposure to products containing natural rubber latex. When medical equipment or supplies containing latex are in contact with the mucous membrane, the membrane can absorb latex proteins. The immune system of some susceptible individuals produces antibodies that react immunologically with this antigenic protein. Since many items contain or are made of natural rubber, including shoe soles, elastic rubber, rubber gloves, condoms, baby bottle nipples, and balloons, there are many possible exposures that can trigger a reaction. People with latex allergies may also have or develop allergic reactions to some fruits, such as bananas.
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Natural rubber latex is known to cause type I and type IV allergic reactions, as well as irritant contact dermatitis.
Type I
The most serious and rare form of latex allergies, type I hypersensitivity can cause immediate and potentially life-threatening reactions, unlike severe reactions that must be stung by some. Such reactions are a significant proportion of perioperative anaphylactic reactions, especially in children with myelomeningocele. Type I natural rubber latex allergy is IgE (immune) mediated reaction to a protein found in tree Hevea brasiliensis , a kind of rubber tree.
Testing for natural rubber type I allergy is through a blood test to determine whether the patient is producing IgE antibodies for latex proteins.
Anaphylactic shock may be triggered in people who are allergic to the previous use of latex in an area: the latex is usually powdered to prevent attachment, the latex protein becomes attached to the powder particles, and the powder becomes air when the latex goods are used, a potentially life-threatening Type I reaction when the latex contaminated powder is inhaled by a vulnerable person. In radiological units, latex allergies may resemble contrast media allergies
Type IV (allergic contact dermatitis)
Type IV allergy, also known as allergic contact dermatitis, involves a delayed skin rash similar to poison ivy with blistering and discharge of the skin (see urushiol-induced contact dermatitis ). This can be diagnosed through positive skin patch tests, although negative tests do not rule out latex allergies. Severe irritation occurs when a latex catheter is inserted into a person's urinary tract that is allergic to latex. Very severe in cases of radical prostatectomy because of open wound there and exposure lasted for example two weeks. Intense pain can indicate such situations.
Irritant contact dermatitis
Natural rubber latex can also cause irritant contact dermatitis, a less severe form of reaction that does not involve the immune system. Contact dermatitis causes dry areas, itching, irritation of the skin, most often in the hand. Latex-induced dermatitis increases the likelihood of hospital-acquired infections, including blood-borne infections, which are transmitted.
latex-fruit syndrome
People who have latex allergies may also have or develop an allergic response to some plants and/or products from these plants such as fruits. This is known as the latex-fruit syndrome . Fruits (and seeds) involved in this syndrome include bananas, pineapple, avocado, chestnut, kiwi fruit, mango, passion fruit, figs, strawberries, and soybeans. Some, but not all of these fruits contain latex form. Domain proteins such as Hevein is a possible allergic cause of cross reactivity between latex and banana or fruit in general.
The latex natural rubber contains several conformation epitopes located in several enzymes such as Hev b 1 , Hev b 2 , Hev b 4 , Hev b 5 and Hev b 6.02 .
FITkit is a latex allergen testing method for the quantification of specific natural allergen (NRL) allergens: Hev b 1, Hev b 3, Hev b 5, and Hev b 6.02.
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Risk factors
- Children with spina bifida. Up to 68% will have a reaction.
- Industrial rubber workers, exposed for long periods of time to high amounts of latex. Approximately 10% develop allergic reactions.
- Health care providers. Given the ubiquitous use of latex products in health care settings, latex allergy management presents a significant health organization problem. Healthcare workers - such as doctors, nurses, aides, dentists, dental hygienists, operating room employees, occupational therapists, laboratory technicians, and hospital housekeepers - often use latex gloves and other medical supplies containing latex at risk developing latex allergy. Between about 4% to 17% of healthcare workers have a reaction, which usually appears as Irritable Contact Dermatitis. This contact dermatitis may progress further through allergic sensitivity to full anaphylactic shock status. Regardless of the inconvenience and in some cases life-threatening health implications, this will effectively prevent people from working with some latex and may inhibit their chances of retaining their vocation. In surgical settings, the risk of a potentially life-threatening allergic reaction by a patient has been considered by Johns Hopkins Hospital to be high enough to replace all latex surgical gloves with a synthetic alternative.
- People who have undergone many surgical procedures, especially in childhood. Epidemiology
- Synthetic rubber such as elastane, neoprene, nitrile and synthetic artificial polyisoprene latex do not contain proteins from the tree Hevea brasiliensis .
- Products made from natural guayule rubber emulsions also do not contain proteins from the Hevea rubber tree, and do not cause allergies in Hevea protein-sensitive people.
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- Chemical treatments to reduce the amount of antigenic proteins in Hevea latex have produced alternative materials, such as Vytex, which reduce the exposure of latex allergens while otherwise maintaining the nature of the natural rubber.
- In 1994, the first polyurethane condom was produced, designed for people with latex allergies.
- Food allergies
- Food intolerance
- List of allergies
- oral allergy syndrome
- The American Latex Allergy Association
- UK Latex Allergy Support Group
- Asthma and Allergy of the American Foundation
Estimates of latex sensitivity in the general population ranged from 0.8% to 8.2%.
Alternative
For some people, the sensitivity is so extreme that replacing latex products with products made from alternative materials may still produce reactions if they are manufactured at the same facility as latex-containing products, due to the amount of natural rubber latex in non-latex products.
See also
References
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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