Marshall Field (officially Marshall Field & Company ) is a department store in Chicago, Illinois, which grew into chains before being acquired by the Federation Department Store in 2005.
The location of the former Marshall Field and Building Company on State Road in the downtown Chicago Loop was officially renamed Macy's on State Street in 2006 and is now one of four major Macy national stores.
Video Marshall Field's
History
Initial years
Marshall Field & amp; The company traced its antecedents to a dry goods store opened at 137 Lake Street in Chicago, Illinois in 1852 by Potter Palmer, (1826-1902), eponymously named P. Palmer & Company. In 1856, 21-year-old Marshall Field (1834-1906) moved to the burgeoning Chicago city southwest of Lake Michigan from Pittsfield, Massachusetts and found work in the city's largest dry city. goods company - Cooley, Wadsworth & amp; Company. Just before the American Civil War, in 1860, Field and bookkeeper Levi Z. Leiter, (1834-1904), became a junior partner in the company, later known as Cooley, Farwell & Company. In 1864, the company, led by senior partner John V. Farwell, Sr., (1825-1908), was renamed Farwell, Field & amp; Company. only for Field and Leiter to immediately withdraw from the partnership with Farwell when presented with a chance of a lifetime.
Potter Palmer, disturbed by his ill health, wanted to throw away his fast-growing business, so that on January 4, 1865, Field and Leiter formed a partnership with him and his brother, Milton Palmer. So company P. Palmer & amp; The company becomes Field, Palmer, Leiter & amp; Company , with Palmer financing most of their initial capital as well as its own contribution. After the immediate success of Field and Leiter allowing them to repay, Palmer withdrew two years later from a partnership in 1867 to focus on his growing real estate interest in one of the city's important state highways, State Street. His brother, Milton Palmer, leaves right now. This store changed its name to Fields, Leiter & amp; Company , sometimes referred to as "Field & Leiter".
However, the purchase did not end Potter Palmer's relationship with the company. In 1868, Palmer convinced Field and Leiter to lease a new six-story building he had just built on the northeast corner of the State and Washington Streets. The store was immediately referred to as the "Marble Palace" because of its expensive marble face.
The Great Chicago Fire
When the Chicago Great Fire broke out on October 8, 1871, the news of this, one of the worst fires in US history that once struck an American city, attained company officials Henry Willing and Levi Leiter, who decided to include as much of their costly merchandise as possible into the cart and take it to Leiter's house, which is outside the fire lane. Drivers and Company teams are ordered out of the granary. Horace B. Parker, a young salesman, rushed to the shop basement, unpacked the box, and built a fire in the boiler furnace so that the steam-powered elevator could operate. These employees worked hastily through the night to erase vital records and valuables for salvation.
At one point, the gas tank exploded, which extinguished the store gas lights. People work with candlelight and light from the oncoming flame. The employees got enough energy to operate the powerful pumps in the basement, and the volunteers went to the roof and used the fire hoses of the shop to wet the roof and the wall on the side of the fire to come. However, the next morning, floods in the city were on fire, ending the water supply and making further efforts useless. The last employee almost got out of the building when it burned, firing fire from every window.
The store was burned down. However, as a result of the hard work of the employees, so many items are stored, the store can be reopened in just a few weeks (Wholesale Department on October 28, and Retail Department on Nov. 6) in temporary location (stables - streets of Chicago City Railway Co. in State & 20th Streets). Six months later, in April 1872, Field & amp; Leiter reopened in an unburnt building in Madison and Market Streets (now West Wacker Drive). Salesman Parker remained with the Company for over 45 years, rising to the General Sales Manager level.
After the Great Fire
Two years later, in October 1873, Field and Leiter returned to State Street in Washington, opening a new five-story store in their old location that they now rented from Singer Sewing Machine Company, Palmer had sold his land to finance his own. rebuild activities. The store was expanded in 1876, only to be destroyed by fire again in November 1877. Once tenacious, Field and Leiter have a new temporary shop that opened at the end of the month at a lakefront exhibit hall they rent temporarily from the city, located in what which is now the site of the Art Institute of Chicago now. Meanwhile, the Singer company speculatively constructed a new, even larger, six storey building above the ruins of their old store in 1873, which, after several disputes, was bought personally by Field and Leiter. Field, Leiter & amp; The company is now taking back their traditional location in the northeast corner of the State and Washington for the last time in April 1879.
In January 1881, Field, with the support of his junior partner, bought Levi Z. Leiter, renamed the Marshall Field & Company business. Like Palmer before, Leiter retired to keep his significant estate. estate investments, which included assigning a department store, the second Leiter House in 1891 on State Street and Van Buren to the home of Siegel, Cooper & amp; Company. In 1932, this building (known as one of the earliest steel-framed commercial buildings built and still standing in the US along with the Justice Building in Baltimore) is leased to world-renowned mail order companies, Sears, Roebuck & Company.
In 1887, a seven-story building entitled Henry Hobson Richardson, (1838-1886), the Roman-style Marshall Field Grocery Store opened on Franklin Street between Quincy and Adams (razed c.1930). Though not many remember today, the wholesale division sold large quantities of merchandise to small traders throughout the central and western United States and at the time did six times the volume of sales from local retail stores. The Chicago location on the state railroad nexus and Great Lakes shipping made it a dried goods wholesale business center in the 1870s, with Field's former prewar from Field, John V. Farwell, Sr., (1825-1908), becoming his greatest rival. It was the scale of profits generated by John G. Shedd's wholesale division during the time that made Marshall Field the richest man in Chicago and one of the richest in the country.
Street State Store
After Leiter's departure, retail stores are increasingly important. Though it remains a fraction of the size of the wholesale division, its luxury buildings and luxury goods distinguish Marshall Field from other dry goods wholesalers in the city. In 1887, Harry Gordon Selfridge, (1858-1947), was appointed to preside over a retail store and overlaid it when it evolved into a modern department store. That same year, Field personally obtained Leiter's remaining interest in the Singer 1879 building and in 1888 began buying a building adjacent to an additional floor. Marshall Field also has children today.
In 1892, the structure between the buildings of 1879 on State Street and Wabash Avenue in the east was destroyed and the famous influential architect, Daniel H. Burnham, (1846-1912), and his company D.H. Burnham & amp; The company was commissioned to establish a new building to anticipate the entry of visitors from the Columbian World Expo scheduled for 1893. The nine-story "Annex" in the northwest corner of Wabash and Washington Streets was opened under the direction of the Burnham association Charles B Atwood, (1849-1895) in August 1893, towards the end of the Exposition. In 1897, the old shop of 1879 was rebuilt and had two additional floors added, while the first landmark icon of Marshall Field, Great Clocks was installed on the corner of State and Washington Streets on 26 November.
In 1901, Marshall Field & amp; The company, formerly a private partnership, was established. Driven by Selfridge, Marshall Field destroyed three adjacent buildings that had been occupied since 1888, and Dankmar Adler, (1844-1900), and Louis Sullivan, (1856-1924), - designed the 1879 Central Music Hall in the southeast corner of State and Randolph Streets in 1901. In their place stood a large building, twelve floors facing State Street in 1902, including a large new entrance. In 1906, the third new building opened on Wabash Avenue to the north of the structure in 1893, which is the oldest part of the store.
In the midst of development, Selfridge abruptly resigned from the company in 1904, purchased rival Schlesinger & amp; Mayer, but sold it only three months later. Schlesinger & amp; Mayer in 1899 had commissioned a building designed by Louis Sullivan now known as Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building, which was the company where Selfridge sold the business. After trying to retire, he later founded Selfridges in London.
Era Shedd
Marshall Field died on January 16, 1906 in New York City. On the day of his funeral, all the stores along State Street, big and small, were closed and the Chicago Board of Commerce stopped the afternoon trade in his honor. The Marshall Field and Company Board appointed John G. Shedd, (1850-1926), who was once called Field "the greatest merchant in the United States", to serve as the company's new president. Shedd became the head of a company that employs 12,000 people in Chicago (two-thirds of them in retail) and makes about $ 25 million in annual retail sales in addition to nearly $ 50 million wholesale.
Under Shedd's leadership for the next 16 years, Marshall Field & amp; Co continued to rebuild his shop, fulfilling a plan approved by Field himself to undermine the structure of 1879 later in 1906. Instead, boarded a new South State Street building with the continuation of the 1902 street faustade. Opened in September 1907, it including Tiffany Louis Comfort, (1848-1933), the decorated ceilings which are the first and largest ceilings ever built in favril glass, contain more than 1.6 million pieces. With the completion of the 1907 building, Marshall Field has the title of "the largest department store in the world" over John Wanamaker & amp; Co. in Philadelphia and R.H. Mac & amp; Co. in New York.
In 1912, a 16-storey Trude Building in the southwest corner of Wabash and Randolph, was acquired and destroyed, an act considered to be one of the first, if not the first, demolition of high-rise skyscrapers of them only recently under construction. Instead climbed the 1914 building, designed by Graham, Burnham & amp; The company's architectural firm, completing the present store and now covers the entire city square block, is bordered by Washington, State, Wabash, and Randolph Streets.
Also in 1914, Graham, Burnham & amp; The company oversaw the opening of a new twenty-story Marshall Field Annex across the street at 25 East Washington, which is housed in "Marshall Field's Store for Men" on its first six floors. These buildings reclaimed their status as the world's largest department store, many restaurants, and separate male and female lounges became an important social destination for upscale Chicago.
Shedd continued to expand Field's wholesale business and grow its manufacturing business, buying textile factories in the South in 1911 (see Cannon Mills Company) and overseeing the purchase of Marshall Field Trust interests in business in 1917. Field's family finally retained only ten percent of the shares. The president of the second company, John G. Shedd retired in late 1922.
1913 Illinois State Senate Inquiry
In 1913, representatives from Carson Pirie Scott and Marshall Field's were summoned to the Illinois state capital in Springfield for an Illinois State Senate inquiry about low-wage female employees from major department stores. At Marshall Field's, women are not just typists or other types of clerical workers, they also have a big role in the sales department. The sales clerks are trained with etiquette and gain a thorough understanding of the merchandise. The presence of saleswomen is an important part of Marshall Field's success, as they make female customers more comfortable and therefore shop at Marshall Field's fun.
The opportunities available to women at Marshall Field create a working female subculture. During the early and middle decades of the twentieth century, many women migrated into the workforce often became vacillated in the new city with new opportunities. Many of these women who live separately from family and relatives are young and single and come from various backgrounds and ethnicities. This female subculture is heavily influenced by the wages and opportunities offered through Marshall Field.
However, the wages of female employees do not represent their role in the company and, therefore, are subject to Illinois Illinois Senate Investigation 1913. Women are paid very low, the average is $ 5 to $ 8 per week. "Testimony in an Illinois Illinois Senate inquiry from a spokesman for the Illinois Producers Association, the banks of Sears, Roebuck and Marshall Field's revealed that most large companies pay female workers as low as $ 2.75." Even in 1913, it was not a living wage. During the trial, Marshall Field revealed that it could double women's salaries but refused to do so. In addition, women face more mistreatment in companies such as sex segregation, which limits their mobility within the company.
The first branch and brand Frango
James Simpson was appointed president after Shedd retired. Although deemed to have favored wholesale divisions down, he expanded retail operations, first buying A. M. Rothschild & amp; Co. on State Street and Jackson Boulevard in December 1923, operated by Field as a discount store named "The Davis Store." In 1924 the 1893-1914 buildings occupied by the store were obtained from the Marshall Field Trust.
The first branch of Marshall Field's was opened at Market Square in Lake Forest, Illinois in May 1928. In September 1928, its first branch in Evanston, Illinois followed, then moved to a French Renaissance-style building on Sherman Avenue and Church Street in November. 1929. The Oak Park, Illinois store opened in September 1929 in a building similar to the Evanston store. Frederick & amp; Nelson, a Seattle-based department store, founded in 1890, was also acquired in 1929, with Seattle's downtown building in 1914 on Pine Street and Fifth Avenue. Frederick & amp; Nelson retained his name, though their logo was immediately rewritten in Field iconic script. But more important for Field's history, Frederick & amp; Nelson created the Frango candy, a Seattle tradition once and now, which was later identified with Marshall Field's and the city of Chicago. The candy kitchen at State Street's main store soon starts producing candy.
Marshall Field & amp; The company became a public company in 1930, early in the "Great Depression". Retailers need capital because of the huge opening cost of Merchandise Mart recently to be home to its flagging wholesale division. The ground was damaged in 1927 during the boom years of "Roaring 20s"; when Mart opened in 1930, it was the largest building in the world. The 1887 Wholesale Shop designed by Richardson in Franklin between Quincy and Adams Streets was closed and unfortunately destroyed at this time. But the new building, faced with changes in retail distribution and wholesale patterns in addition to the profound "Depression of the Great", could not save Field's wholesale division. Simpson left the Company, and James O. McKinsey, a University of Chicago professor and founder of consulting firm McKinsey and Company, was brought in to clean up the Company. The wholesale division, after the Company's core, was liquidated by 1936. The Davis Store was closed in 1936 as well, and the building was sold to Goldblatts. In 1939, the land underlying State Street's main store was obtained from the Marshall Field Trust. Meanwhile, McKinsey also reorganized the company's vertically integrated operations, primarily by combining the Company's various textile operations under the name Fieldcrest.
Suburban expansion
After World War II, the Merchandise Mart building was sold in 1945 to Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr., (1888-1969), significantly improving the Company's Finance field and enabling stores to tackle the post-war suburban housing and commercial boom. Marshall Field is constantly following his customers to their new home out to the suburbs; with stores in partnership with pioneering suburban developer Philip M. Klutznick, (1907-1999, also renowned Jewish leader and then US Secretary of Commerce at his new Park Forest Plaza opened in 1950, with revolutionary new concepts in land use and architecture.
In 1956, Klutznick and Field jointly opened Old Orchard Shopping Center in Skokie, Illinois, a Klutznick center developed on Field's already owned land; development including a new Field store. This was followed by the opening of a 1959 Field store in Mayfair Mall in the suburbs of Milwaukee, Wisconsin to the northwest, and shops in shopping centers led by Klutznick later opened at Oakbrook Center in Oak Brook, Illinois in 1962 and River Oaks Center in Calumet City, Illinois in 1966.
Marshall Field even expanded further in the Pacific Northwest, acquired The Crescent's department store in Spokane, Washington in 1962 and in 1970, moved east with the purchase of Halle Brothers Co., a leading department store in Cleveland, Ohio. Field's also continued to expand its village base in Illinois, opening stores at Woodfield Center in Schaumburg in 1971.
The CherryVale Mall at Rockford and Hawthorn Center in Vernon Hills followed in 1973, and stores at Water Tower Place in Chicago and Fox Valley Center in Aurora opened in 1975. Suburban expansion continued in 1976 with locations at Orland Square in Orland Park, followed by the Louis Joliet Mall store in Joliet in 1978. In 1979, Marshall Field expanded south into Texas with a shop at The Galleria in Houston.
Year 1980 saw the rapid acquisition of J.B. Ivey Co., a department store chain with roots in Charlotte, North Carolina and Jacksonville, Florida; The Union Co. in Columbus, Ohio; Lipman store in Portland, Oregon; and some Liberty House stores in Washington state. Frederick & amp; Nelson's unit in Seattle confiscated the Lipman and Liberty House stores by name, but after initially incorporating Union of Columbus, Ohio with previous Halle shops from Cleveland, Field decided to sell the joint chain in November 1981; the new owner quickly dispersed it.
The early 1980s saw a slower expansion, with only two store locations in Illinois added, one in October 1980 at Spring Hill Mall in West Dundee, and one in 1981 at Stratford Square Mall in Bloomingdale. Another Texas store opened at the Dallas Galleria, in Dallas, Texas in 1982.
BATUS
In 1982, Marshall Field & amp; Co ceased to be a public company, acquired by B.A.T. British-American Tobacco. As part of BATUS Retail Group, American retail branch B.A.T., Field and Frederick & amp; Nelson, Ivey's and The Crescent department store and home furnishings store John Brueners joined Gimbels retailers Saks Fifth Avenue and Kohl's. Field's continues to grow under BATUS, adding stores in Houston Town & amp; Country Mall in 1983 and at the North Star Mall in San Antonio in 1986.
Just four years after buying Marshall Field's, however, BATUS lowered its retail operations in 1986, selling former subsidiary Field Frederick & Nelson and The Crescent for local investor groups. Frederick & amp; Nelson quickly deteriorated and became dead in 1992. The 1914 building, which was acquired by Field in 1929, was eventually purchased by Nordstrom; the structure was renovated and reopened in 1998 as a substitute for Nordstrom's own Seattle shop.
BATUS closed its Gimbels division in 1986 and moved five former Gimbels locations in Wisconsin to the Marshall Field division: downtown Milwaukee, Northridge Mall and Southridge Mall in the suburbs of Milwaukee, Hilldale Shopping Center in Madison and downtown Appleton. The former location of Gimbels Northridge and Southridge was retained by Field for only three years; because of poor performance, they were sold in 1989 to H.C. Prange Co. of Sheboygan.
The Evanston and Oak Park stores closed in 1986, the 1929 building they were deemed outdated and too expensive to operate. A major restoration and renovation of State Street's flagship store led by Bill Allen's Director of Construction and Maintenance began in 1987.
BATUS originally store Saks Fifth Avenue, Marshall Field's, and Ivey's; however, he sold all of his remaining US retail assets in 1990, with Saks going to Bahrain-based Investcorp, Ivey sold to Dillard's, and Marshall Field sold to Dayton-Hudson Corporation (now the Target Corporation).
Dayton-Hudson.2C_Target.2C_and_May "> Dayton-Hudson, Target, and May
Dayton-Hudson Corporation was renamed Target Corporation in 2000 and renamed the Dayton and Hudson Marshall Field department stores in 2001. These stores are outside the existing Field market. Some people see this as the start of a downward drop for Marshall Field as Target Corporation focuses more on the rapidly growing discount store and introduces several brands brought there to Marshall Field stores, moving some of the more expensive Field items.
In 2004, Target Corporation sold the Marshall Field chain to May Co., thus exiting the department store business entirely. It is expected that aligning with the Company in May instead of Target suppliers will "let Field's be Field's" and enable it to reclaim its former customer and upper class customer base. However, Federated Department Stores, Inc. acquired May Company in 2005.
Acquisition of federation, renaming and protest
After the purchase of the Federation, Marshall Field stores were assigned to the new North Division of Macy. During 2006, all Marshall Field stores, mostly Filene and all other May's nine chains, were named Macy's, the conversion officially opened on September 9, 2006. Many Chicagoers were upset that their local brand was being replaced by New-related York City. Hundreds of protesters gathered under Marshall Field's famous clock that day, and returned on the one-year anniversary of September 9, 2007. Dozens attend "Field's fans" rally every birthday from 2008 to 2012.
In December 2006, Macy reported slower sales in the former Marshall Field store; the focus shifted to promote the location of State Road in 2007.
Remodeling
Marshall Field and Company Building at State and Washington Streets in Chicago were registered at the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 and are part of the National Historic District's Loop Retail. The building was designated as the Chicago Landmark on November 1, 2005. With a floor space of about two million square feet, it is the second largest department store in the United States.
In 1987, when it was under the ownership of BATUS, Field's State Street store experienced a significant recovery. In 2004, while Field's was still owned by Dayton Hudson/Target, another vast restoration of the famous State Street store, for $ 115 million, has begun; the last renovation was completed after the May acquisition. The 2004 renovation included the installation of lower-level shops, removal of steel grates from the top of the store's historic wells, and the addition of an eleven-storey atrium in a hallway and store central aisle.
In 2004, Field also introduced significant improvements to merchandise and the introduction of luxury vendor relationships, where 10% of floor space is leased to outside vendors in a manner similar to Selfridge in London (Selfridge was founded by former Field Selex field executive Harry Selfridge his business model at Marshall Field's, likewise, the Selfridge building in London is based on Marshall Field store architecture).
Maps Marshall Field's
First First, famous events, community leadership
Among the "first experiences" by Marshall Field is the concept of the department store's tea room. In the 19th century, women's shopping centers returned home for lunch; lunch at a downtown restaurant that is not deported by a man is not considered polite. But after the Marshall Field officer distributed his lunch (chicken pie) to the weary shopper, Field blows on the idea of ​​opening up the department store's tea room, so the buyer women will not feel the need to make two trips to complete their shopping.. To this day, the Walnut Room serves the traditional Herring's Mother's cake pie.
Marshall Field's has the first European purchasing office, located in Manchester, England, and the first bridal registration. The company was the first to introduce the concept of a personal shopper, and the service was provided at no cost to every Field store, down to the last days of the chain under the name Marshall Field. It was the first store to offer revolving credits and first department stores to use escalators. Marshall Field's book department at State Street stores is legendary; it pioneered the concept of "book signing." In addition, every year at Christmas, the shop windows in downtown Marshall Field are filled with animated displays as part of the shopping center view of downtown; the "theme" window displays became famous for their ingenuity and beauty, and visiting the Marshall Field window in Natal became a tradition for Chicago citizens and visitors, as popular as local practice when visiting the Canary Room with a Christmas tree or meeting just as famous "under the clock" on State Street.
Marshall Field is famous for his slogan, "Give the woman what she wants." He is also renowned for his integrity, character, and philanthropy and leadership. After his death, the company remained to the end as a major philanthropic contributor to its Chicago community.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments