Muhammad Ali Pasha al-Mas'ud ibn Agha (Ottoman Turks: ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?; Arabic: ???????? ?/ALA-LC: Albanian: Mehmet Ali Pasha ; Turkey: Kavalal? Mehmet Ali Pa? A ; March 4, 1769 - August 2, 1849) was an Ottoman Albanian commander in the Ottoman army, who ascended to Pasha rank, and became W'li, and declared himself the Khedive of Egypt and Sudan with the interim agreement of the Ottomans. Although not a modernist nationalist, he is considered the founder of modern Egypt because of the dramatic reforms in military, economic and cultural fields he applied. He also ruled the Levantine region outside of Egypt. The dynasty he founded will rule Lower Egypt, Upper Egypt and Sudan until the 1952 Egyptian Revolution led by Muhammad Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser.
Video Muhammad Ali of Egypt
Kehidupan awal
Muhammad Ali was born in Kavala, in Macedonia, from an Albanian family originally from KorÃÆ'§ÃÆ' «, Albania. He was the second son of a tobacco and shipping merchant named Ibrahim Agha, who also served as an Ottoman commander of a small unit in Kavala. His mother is Zeynep, the daughter of "Ayan of Kavala" ÃÆ' â € or orbaci Husain Agha. When his father died at a young age, Muhammad was brought and brought up by his uncle with his cousin. In return for Muhammad Ali's hard work, his uncle gave him the rank of "Bolukbashi" for tax collection in the city of Kavala.
After Muhammad promised success in collecting taxes, he earned the rank of Second Commander under his cousin Sarechesme Halil Agha in the Kavala Volunteer Contingent of Albanian mercenaries who were sent to re-occupy Egypt after the withdrawal of General Napoleon Bonaparte. He later married Ali Agha's daughter, Emine Nosratli, a wealthy widow, who was her maternal cousin, because her mother Kadriye and her mother Zeynep were sisters, the two daughters of ÃÆ'â € orbaci Husain Agha. In 1801, his unit was dispatched, as part of a much larger Ottoman army, to occupy Egypt after a brief French occupation threatening the way of life in Egypt. The expedition landed in Aboukir in the spring of 1801. One of his trusted military commanders was Miralay Mustafa Bey, who married the sisters of Muhammad, Zubayda, and the Patriarchs of the Yakan family.
Maps Muhammad Ali of Egypt
Rise to power
French withdrawal left a power vacuum in Egypt. The power of the Mamluks has weakened, but not destroyed, and Ottoman forces clashed with the Mamluks for power. During this period of chaos Muhammad Ali used faithful Albanian troops to work with both sides, gaining strength and prestige for himself. As the conflict drew near, the local population began to tire of the struggle for power. In 1801, he allied with the Egyptian leader Umar Makram and the Grand Imam of Egypt al-Azhar. During the quarrel between the Ottomans and the Mamluks between 1801 and 1805, Muhammad Ali carefully acted to gain the support of the general public.
In 1805, a group of prominent Egyptians led by scholars demanded the replacement of W? Li (viceroy) Ahmad Khurshid Pasha by Muhammad Ali, and Ottoman produces. However, in 1809, Ali alienated Makram to Damietta. According to Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti, Makram has found the intention of Muhammad Ali to seize power for himself.
Sultan Selim III could not oppose Muhammad Ali's rise. By appearing as champions of the people Muhammad Ali was able to prevent popular opposition until he consolidated his power.
Mamluk is still the biggest threat to Muhammad Ali. They controlled Egypt for more than 600 years, and during that time they expanded their systematically in the south along the Nile to Upper Egypt. The approach of Muhammad Ali is to eliminate Mamluk's leadership, then move against rank and file. Muhammad Ali invites Mamluks leaders to a celebration in Cairo Fortress in honor of his son, Tusun Pasha, who will lead a military expedition to Arabia. The event was held on March 1, 1811. When the Mamluk gathered in the Fort, and surrounded by the forces of Muhammad Ali, he sent his troops to kill them. After the leaders were killed, Muhammad Ali sent his troops all over Egypt to expel the remains of the Mamluks.
Muhammad Ali transformed Egypt into a regional power which he saw as a natural ruin of the rotten Ottoman Empire. He concludes his vision for Egypt as follows:
I am well aware that the Empire (Ottoman) is on its way to destruction... In its ruins I will build a vast empire... to the Euphrates and the Tigris.
Reinventing Egypt
Sultan Selim III (reigned 1789-1807) has acknowledged the need to reform and modernize the Ottoman Empire, especially the military, along the European lines to ensure that his country can compete. Selim III, however, faces the harsh local opposition of a cleric and a strong military apparatus, especially from Janissari, the Ottoman infantry formed from the devshirme system. As a result, Selim III was overthrown and eventually murdered in 1808. Muhammad Ali, too, recognized the need to modernize, and unlike Selim, he had sent his main rival, giving him a free hand to try a similar reform to the one originally initiated by Selim III.
Muhammad Ali's aim was for Egypt to abandon the Ottoman Empire and to be ruled by its own descendant dynasty. To do so, he must reorganize Egyptian society, streamline the economy, train professional bureaucracy, and build a modern military.
His first task was to secure an income stream for Egypt. To achieve this, Muhammad Ali 'nationalized' all the land of Egyptian iltizam, thus officially owning all the land production. He completed the state annexation of property by raising taxes on 'tax farmers' who previously owned land throughout Egypt. The new taxes were intentionally high and when the tax farmers could not withdraw the requested payment from the peasants working on the land, Muhammad Ali confiscated their property. Another major source of income that Muhammad Ali created was the new tax for waqf waqf, which was previously tax exempt. Through this wakaf, personal income can be set aside for school or other charitable purposes. As well as increasing revenues to finance its new military, this tax takes income from local elites, Mamluks and ulama, weakening opposition to reform of Muhammad Ali.
In practice, Muhammad Ali's land reform is a trade monopoly in Egypt. He requires all manufacturers to sell their goods to the country. The state in turn sells back Egyptian goods, in Egypt and to overseas markets, and maintains a surplus. This practice proved to be very profitable for Egypt by planting long cotton, a new cash crop. To help increase production, he expanded the land used for agriculture and overhauled irrigation systems, most of which were settled by corvettes, or forced laborers. The newly discovered profits also extend to individual farmers, as the average wage increases fourfold.
In addition to strengthening the agricultural sector, Muhammad Ali built an industrial base for Egypt. His motive for doing so was primarily an attempt to build a modern military. As a result, he focuses on weapons production. Cairo-based factories produce guns and cannons. With the shipyard he built in Alexandria, he began the construction of the navy. In the late 1830s, the Egyptian war industry had built nine 100-gun warships and killed 1,600 muskets per month.
However, industry innovation is not limited to weapons production. Muhammad Ali established the textile industry in an effort to compete with European industries and generate greater revenue for Egypt. While the textile industry was unsuccessful, the entire business employed tens of thousands of Egyptians. In addition, by employing European managers, he was able to introduce industrial training to the Egyptian population. To assemble his new industries, Muhammad Ali used the labor system. The peasants objected to this draft and many who fled from their villages to avoid being taken, sometimes fleeing as far as Syria. Some of them injure themselves so they are not suitable for combat: common ways of self-injury dazzle the eyes with rat poison and cut off the right fingers, so they can not fire a rifle.
In addition to building a functioning industrial economy, Muhammad Ali also seeks to train professional military and bureaucracy. He sent promising citizens to Europe to study. Again the impetus behind the effort was to build European-style troops. Students are sent to study European languages, especially French, so that they can translate military manuals into Arabic. He then used an educated Egyptian and imported European experts to set up schools and hospitals in Egypt. European education also provides gifted Egyptians with a means of social mobility.
The by-product of Muhammad Ali's training program is the establishment of professional bureaucracy. Establishing an efficient central bureaucracy was an important prerequisite for the success of other reforms of Muhammad Ali. In the process of destroying the Mamluks, W? Li must fill the role of government that Mamluk previously fulfilled. Thus, Muhammad Ali kept all central authority for himself. He divides Egypt into ten provinces responsible for collecting taxes and maintaining order. Muhammad Ali placed his sons in most key positions; However, its reform does offer Egyptian opportunities outside of agriculture and industry.
A 2015 study found that Ali's economic policies had a positive impact on industrialization in Egypt.
The law under Muhammad Ali
The purpose of the law is to represent Muhammad Ali in his absence. Muhammad Ali started a renovation in law by moving towards more effective control over crime in Egypt. Especially he did this by issuing his first criminal law in 1829, in an attempt to get stronger over the population. By this time, Muhammad Ali had moved towards the formation of an independent state, which he first revealed in 1830, by creating a state of "law and order", in which Christians in Egypt could be safe, was the way Muhammad could do. pull influence from Europe. He began to gradually renovate more governments to make him more shaky than the sultan. He applied the police forces, most of them famous in Cairo and Alexandria, which functioned not only as a form of authority over the law, but also as a form of public prosecutor's office. The renovation of evidence used in the court, which had not previously been used, began to be part of the system, the largest being an autopsy report, becoming an important asset between investigations and experiments. Using non-sharia evidence allows the legal process to work around the strict rules of sharia law, which limit the use of certain forms of evidence. Autopsy became an important form of evidence used in Egyptian criminal law, even used after the reign of Muhammad among his successors in the 1850s.
Hakimas and medical school for women
In 1832, Muhammad Ali allowed Antoine Clot, known as "Clot Bey" in Egypt, to set up a Medical School for women. Clot-Bey was invited in 1827 by Muhammad Ali to establish Qasral-'Ayni School of Medicine at Abou Zabel Army hospital which was later transferred to Cairo. The Army Medical School has a tough start with religious officials opposing the corpses surgery for anatomy lessons.
Medical school for women will produce judges, "doctoress", to care for women and children. French women from the Saint-Simonian social reform movement lived in Egypt during 1833-36 and studied or provided medical care under the direction of Clot Bey. French sage-femme (midwife) Suzanne Voilquin writes about helping during the cholera epidemic of 1834. Some French women develop cholera and die.
Ali's military and economic goals require the army and healthy population from which young boys can be required. Genital diseases, especially syphilis, which are common among soldiers and smallpox outbreaks lead to high rates of child mortality. Clot Bey argues that women's health care for women and children is vital to maintaining a healthy population. He believes that untrained local dayas (midwives) can not provide proper care and under Egyptian law, male doctors can not treat women. Clot Bey's solution is a school to train female doctors.
The medical school for women follows the French model. The first two years of training provide Arabic literacy to communicate with patients. The following four include training in: obstetrics, prenatal, postnatal care, cautery, vaccination, scarification, cupping, leech applications, identification/preparation of general medicines. Students are provided housing, food, clothing and monthly allowance from the state.
Graduates are assigned to Civilian Hospitals in Cairo or at health centers throughout Egypt. Some live in schools to serve as instructors. Marriage is regulated by the state to male doctors. After marriage, judges are granted the title of Effendi, the rank of second lieutenant, and the 250 piasters monthly salary.
Licensed Judges treat women and children, vaccinate and give birth to children. They served a fundamental role in reducing the incidence of smallpox during the 19th century by vaccinating about 600 children every month in Civil Hospitals. They check and care for women, especially prostitutes, for venereal diseases. Another important task is the "forensic examination" of women. In this case, judges operate in legal settings. Their examination is used as evidence in cases involving unnatural death, suspected premature loss of virginity, or miscarriage.
Although one duty of the judges watches for labor, the majority of the population continues to use dayas. Hakimas performs almost no deliveries and is often only called during difficult deliveries. However, dayas are required to have a certificate to make a delivery, which can only be obtained from a judge. They are also expected to report statistics on births to judges.
A significant problem is the recruitment of students. Egyptian culture at that time opposed the education of women. Therefore, the first student in medical school is a young slave girl. Slaves continue to be recruited through slave auctions as well as orphans from nursing homes. Despite the modest success of the school and its graduates, increased enrollment remains a consistent issue, although the limit of 60 students was achieved in 1846.
Contemporary and modern historians have viewed the creation of a medical school for women and the position of the fifths as an example of modernization and reformation for women under Muhammad Ali. Khaled Fahmy opposes this view. Fahmy stated that, for the reason of creating schools primarily for the maintenance of healthy soldiers, schools were not a sign of reform but Ali continued his military objectives. For example, their treatment of venereal disease is intended to curb incidents among soldiers and smallpox vaccination increases the pool of potential soldiers by reducing child mortality rates. Furthermore, the judges allow for increased state control over social life. It is observed in the use of judges to collect statistics about labor, either personally or through dayas, as well as in cases where the fifth is used to examine a woman.
Role in Arabic literary renaissance
In the 1820s, Muhammad Ali sent the first "mission" of education for Egyptian students to Europe. This contact produced literature that was regarded as the dawn of the rise of Arabic literature, known as Nahda.
In support of industrial and military modernization, Muhammad Ali established a number of schools in various fields in which French texts were studied. Rifa'a al-Tahtawi monitors French-language translations into Arabic with topics ranging from sociology and history to military technology, and this translation has been regarded as the second major translation movement, after the first from Greek to Arabic.
In 1819/21, his reign established the first indigenous press in the Arab World, Bulaq Press. The Bulaq press published the official government of Muhammad Ali.
Among his personal interests is the accumulation and breeding of Arabian horses. In horses gained as taxes and tribute, Muhammad Ali recognizes the unique characteristics and careful attention to the bloodline of horses raised by the Bedouins, especially by Anazeh in Syria and those raised in Najd. While his immediate successor had minimal interest in the horse breeding program, his grandson, who became Abbas, I shared this interest and further expanded his work.
Military campaign
Although Muhammad Ali's main purpose was to form a European-style military, and carve out his personal kingdom, he waged war initially on behalf of the Ottoman Sultan, Mahmud II, in Arabia and Greece, although he later came to open conflict with the Ottoman Empire. He uses several new strategies to ensure his new military success. The first new members are isolated from their usual environment. They began to place soldiers in barracks, the leadership imposed strict surveillance regimes, missed several times a day, and used corporal punishment to ensure newly emerging combat troops into a strong, disciplined army. Soldiers often use bastinados and whips to control and punish soldiers. Muhammad not only wanted his soldiers to discipline, he also created many military codes to set the definition of crime and punishment, this helped create blind obedience to the law. Most of Ali's goals from the European-style military were through the creation of new labeling and organizational systems to identify soldiers, distinguish officers from enlisted, structured units, and distribute salaries correctly. Soldiers are given a unique number that identifies their units and their roles in them, and officers are expected to use lists with these numbers to keep an eye on the men and make sure everyone is doing their job clearly. This is very useful in identifying deserters who often escape from the chaos of mass movements, such as during forced marches or relocation to new camps. The soldiers were placed under strict supervision in the barracks. To achieve this, Muhammad Ali relied on Bedouins to keep troops sent to training camps. Though employed to control the troops, the Bedouin really threatened the government that often had to use troops to control the Bedouins. To combat this, the government gradually shifted from using the Bedouin tribe to guard the soldiers and capture the deserters and instead try to arrange the inquiry expectations from the beginning of the army staying in the training camp to prevent them from leaving the military. in the first place. His first military campaign was an expedition to the Arabian Peninsula. The holy cities of Mecca, and Medina have been captured by the House of Saud, which has recently embraced Hanbali's literal interpretation of Islam. Armed with their newfound religious fervor, the Saudis began to conquer Arab passages. This culminated in the capture of the Hijaz region in 1805.
With the main Ottoman army tied in Europe, Mahmud II turned to Muhammad Ali to recapture Arab territory. Muhammad Ali in turn appointed his son, Tusun, to lead a military expedition in 1811. The campaign was originally restored to Arabia; However, a second attack was launched in 1812 that reclaimed Hijaz.
While the campaign was successful, the Saudi power was not broken. They continued to harass Ottoman and Egyptian forces from the central region of Nejd in the Arabian Peninsula. As a result, Muhammad Ali sent his other sons, Ibrahim, as the head of another army to finally defeat the Saudis. After a two-year campaign, Saudis were destroyed and most Saudi families were arrested. The family leader, Abdullah ibn Saud, was sent to Istanbul, and executed.
Muhammad Ali subsequently turned his attention to the independent military campaign of the Porte, beginning with Sudan which he saw as a valuable additional resource of territory, gold, and slaves. Sudan at the time did not have a real central authority, since since the 18th century many small kingdoms and tribal sheikhs had separated themselves from the declining Sennar Sultanate, fought each other with Medieval weapons. In 1820 Muhammad Ali sent a force of 5,000 soldiers commanded by his third son, Ismail and Abidin Bey, south to Sudan in order to conquer the territory and subjugate it to his authority. Ali's forces made progress to Sudan in 1821, but met with fierce opposition by Shaigiya. In the end, the superiority of Egyptian forces and firearms ensured Shaigiya's defeat and subsequent conquest of Sudan. Ali now has an outpost that he can develop into the source of the Nile River in Ethiopia, and Uganda. His government captured slaves from the Nuba Mountains, and western and southern Sudan, all incorporated into a foot regimen known as the Gihadiya composed of recently defeated Shaigiya who now take on duty under the invaders in exchange for guarding their domain. (pronounced Jihadiya in non-Egyptian Arabic). Ali's government in Sudan, and his immediate successors, are remembered in Sudan as brutal and heavy-handed, contributing to the popular struggle for independence from Mahdi, Muhammad Ahmad, in 1881.
While Muhammad Ali expanded his power to Africa, the Ottoman Empire was challenged by ethnic rebellion in the European region. The revolt in the Greek provinces of the Ottoman Empire began in 1821. The Ottoman army proved ineffective in its attempt to stop the insurgency when ethnic violence spread to Constantinople. With his own army proven ineffective, Sultan Mahmud II offers to Muhammad Ali the island of Crete in exchange for his support in stopping the rebellion.
Muhammad Ali sent 16,000 soldiers, 100 transporters, and 63 escorts under the command of his son, Ibrahim Pasha. Britain, France and Russia intervened to protect the Greeks. On October 20, 1827 at the Battle of Navarino, while under the command of Muharram Bey, the Ottoman deputy, the entire Egyptian navy was drowned by the European Allied fleet, under the command of Admiral Edward Codrington. If Porte is not ready for this confrontation, Muhammad Ali is even less prepared to lose his highly competent, highly assembled and well-maintained navy. With a destroyed fleet, Egypt had no way to support its troops in Greece and was forced to retreat. Ultimately, the campaign sacrificed Muhammad Ali, his navy, and made no real profit.
As compensation for this loss, Muhammad Ali asked Porte for the Syrian territory. The Ottoman did not care about the request; The Sultan himself asked softly what would happen if Syria was given and Muhammad Ali was later overthrown. But Muhammad Ali no longer tolerated the Ottoman indifference. To compensate for his loss and Egypt, the wheels for Syria's conquest began to move.
Like other Egyptian rulers before him, Ali wanted to control Bilad al-Sham (Levant), both because of its strategic value and because of its rich natural resources; nor is this a sudden decision and a grudge on the W side? li because he had harbored this goal since his early years as an unofficial ruler of Egypt. To not only have abundant natural resources, Syria also has a thriving international trade community with a well-developed market throughout the Levant; in addition, will be a captive market for goods now produced in Egypt. But perhaps most importantly, Syria is wanted as a buffer state between Egypt and the Ottoman sultan.
A new fleet was built, new troops raised and on October 31, 1831, under Ibrahim Pasha, the Egyptian invasion of Syria began the First Turko-Egypt War. For the sake of appearances on the world stage, the pretext for invasion is very important. In the end, the reason for the expedition was a quarrel with Abdullah Pasha of Acre. W? Li alleges that 6,000 fellahin have fled to Acre to escape the draft, corvÃÆ' Â © e, and taxes, and he wants them back. (See also: 1834 Arab rebellion in Palestine)
The Egyptians controlled most of Syria and its hinterlands with ease. The strongest and only very significant resistance is installed in the port city of Acre. Egyptian forces eventually captured the city after a six-month siege, which lasted from 3 November 1831 to 27 May 1832. The riots on the Egyptian homes increased dramatically during the siege. Ali was forced to blackmail Egypt even more to support his campaign and his people hated the rising burden.
After the fall of Acre, the Egyptian army moved north to Anatolia. At the Battle of Konya (December 21, 1832), Ibrahim Pasha clearly defeated the Ottoman armies led by sadr resolution Wazir Agung Reshid Pasha. Now there is no military barrier between the army of Abraham and Constantinople itself.
Through the course of the campaign, Muhammad Ali paid special attention to European powers. Afraid of another intervention that would reverse all his gains, he proceeded slowly and cautiously. For example, Muhammad Ali continued the practice of using the sultan's name in Friday prayers in the newly conquered territories and continued to circulate Ottoman coins instead of issuing new ones with his likeness. During Muhammad Ali's march did not threaten to cause the total collapse of the Ottoman state, the powers in Europe remained as passive observers.
Apart from this performance, Muhammad Ali's aim now is to get rid of the current Ottoman II Sultan and replace him with the son of the sultan, AbdÃÆ'¼lmecid the baby. This possibility is very worrying about Mahmud II that he accepted the offer of Russian military aid that resulted in the HÃÆ'¼nkÃÆ' Â ¢ Agreement? Skelesi. The advantage of Russia disappointed the British and French governments, which resulted in their direct intervention. From this position, the European powers brokered a negotiated solution in May 1833 known as the Kutahya Convention. The requirement of peace is that Ali will withdraw his troops from Anatolia and accept the territory of Crete (then known as Candia) and Hijaz as compensation, and Ibrahim Pasha will be appointed Syrian Guardian. However, the peace treaty failed, giving Muhammad Ali an independent empire for himself, abandoning his wishes.
Feeling that Muhammad Ali was dissatisfied with his advantage, the sultan tried to first act against the Ottoman Empire by offering a hereditary government in Egypt and Arabia if he withdrew from Syria and Crete and renounced the desire for full independence. Muhammad Ali refused the offer, knowing that Mahmud could not force the Egyptian presence from Syria and Crete.
On May 25, 1838, Muhammad Ali told Britain, and France that he intended to declare independence from the Ottoman Empire. This action is contrary to the desire of European powers to maintain the status quo within the Ottoman Empire. With Muhammad Ali's clear intentions, European powers, especially Russia, seek to moderate the situation and prevent conflict. But inside the Empire, the two sides prepared to fight. Ibrahim already has considerable strength in Syria. In Constantinople, the Ottoman commander, Hafiz Pasha, assured the Sultan that he could defeat the Egyptian army.
When Mahmud II ordered his troops to advance on the Syrian border, Ibrahim attacked and destroyed them at the Battle of Nezib (24 June 1839) near Urfa. In the echoes of the Battle of Konya, Constantinople is again vulnerable to Ali's powers. One further blow to the Ottomans was the defection of their fleet to Muhammad Ali. Mahmud II died soon after the battle took place and was replaced by sixteen-year-old AbdÃÆ'¼lmecid. At this point, Ali and Ibrahim began to argue about which path to follow; Ibrahim preferred to conquer the Ottoman capital and demand the imperial seat while Muhammad Ali tended to demand only a great deal of regional concessions and political autonomy for himself and his family.
At this point, the power of Europe again intervened (see Oriental Crisis of 1840). On July 15, 1840, the British Government, which conspired with Austria, Prussia and Russia to sign the London Convention, offered Muhammad Ali the hereditary power of Egypt as part of the Ottoman Empire if he withdrew from the interior of Syria and the coastal region of Mount Lebanon. Muhammad Ali hesitated, believing he had the support of France. His doubts proved costly. The French finally retreated because King Louis-Philippe did not want his country to find himself involved and isolated in the war against other powers, especially when he also had to deal with the Rhine crisis. So the British sea troops moved against Syria, and Alexandria. In the face of European military forces, Muhammad Ali believes.
After the British and Austrian navy blockaded the Nile delta beach, shelling Beirut (September 11, 1840), and after Acre surrendered (November 3, 1840), Muhammad Ali agreed with the provisions of the Convention on 27 November 1840. These terms include releasing his claims Crete, and Hijaz, streamline his navy, and reduce his army to 18,000, provided he and his descendants would enjoy the hereditary power over Egypt and Sudan: a status unheard for an elderly king of the Ottomans.
Last year
After 1843, quickly on the heels of the Syrian disaster, and the Balta Liman treaty, which forced the Egyptian government to undermine import barriers, and renounce the monopoly, Muhammad Ali's mind became increasingly closed and tended toward paranoia. Whether it is actually the dementia or the effects of the silver nitrate that had been given years before to treat dysentery attacks remains a matter of debate.
In 1844 tax revenues came in, and Sherif Pasha, head of the diwan al-maliyya (finance ministry), was too frightened for his life to tell W 'li the news that Egyptian debt now stands at 80 million francs (£ 2,400,000). Tax arrears reached 14,081,500 piastres of total tax estimate of 75,227,500 points. He awkwardly approached Ibrahim Pasha with these facts, and together came the reports and plans. Anticipating his father's early reaction, "brahim arranged for Muhammad Ali's favorite daughter to deliver the news, which was little, if any, good.Her anger that resulted was far beyond what had been expected, and it took six full days for a weak peace.
A year later when Ibrahim, who was progressively paralyzed by rheumatic pain and tuberculosis (he started coughing up blood), was sent to Italy to fetch water, Muhammad Ali, in 1846, traveled to Constantinople. There he approached the Sultan, expressed his fear, and made peace, explaining: "[My son] Ibrahim is old and sick, [my grandson] Abbas lazy ( happa ), and then the children will reign Egyptians How will they defend Egypt? "After he gained hereditary power for his family, the Guardian ruled until 1848, when dementia made further rule by him impossible.
Immediately coming to the point where his son and heir, the most miserable Ibrahim, had no choice but to travel to Constantinople and asked the Sultan to recognize him as ruler of Egypt and Sudan even though his father was alive. However, on the ship that returned home, Ibrahim, gripped by fever and guilt, succumbed to seizures and hallucinations. He survived the journey but within six months was dead. He was replaced by his nephew (son of Tosun) Abbas I.
By this time Muhammad Ali had become so sick and senile that he was not informed of the death of his son. A few months later, Muhammad Ali died at the Ras el-Tin Palace in Alexandria on August 2, 1849, and was finally buried in the magnificent mosque he founded in the Cairo Citadel.
But the immediate reaction to his death was a very low key, thanks not to the recent abhorrence Abb Abbbek Pasha always felt to his grandfather.
Consultant British eyewitness John Murray writes:
... funeral rites are the saddest and most miserable affair; The [diplomatic] consular was not invited to attend, and neither the shops nor the General offices were closed-in short, the general impression was that Abbas Pasha had shown admirable errors to his famous grandfather's memory, in allowing obsequies to be done in such a way trivial, and in neglect to attend them personally ... The clinging and respect of all the classes in Egypt to the name of Muhammad Ali is his proud adverb than the one in which he is in his successor's power to negotiate. The elderly remember and talk about the chaos and anarchy from which he saved the country; the younger compare his energetic power with the fickle and shaky government of his successors; all classes whether Turk, or Arab, not only feel, but do not hesitate to say publicly that the prosperity of Egypt has died with Muhammad Ali... To be honest, my Lord, it can not be denied that Muhammad Ali, despite all his faults is a great man.
Historical debate
The prevailing historical view of Muhammad Ali is the 'Father of Modern Egypt', becoming the first ruler since the Ottoman conquest in 1517 to permanently unleash Porte's rule in Egypt. Despite failing to attain official independence for Egypt during his lifetime, he succeeded in laying the foundations for the modern Egyptian state. In the process of building troops to defend and expand its territory, it builds a central bureaucracy, an education system that allows social mobility, and an economic base that includes agricultural crops, cotton, and military-based manufacturing. His efforts to build his prowess as ruler of Egypt and Sudan for nearly 150 years and make Egypt a de facto independent state.
Yet others see it not as a builder but as a conqueror. He was from Albania and not Egyptian, and during his reign Turkish was the official language of his trial rather than Arabic. Some argue that he exploited the resources and resources of Egypt for his personal purposes, not the Egyptian national, with the labor requirements he places on the very heavy Egyptians. Taken together in this case, Muhammad Ali was thrown by some as a long line of alien conquerors originating from the Persian occupation of 525 BC. This view, however, is contrary to the opinions of the Egyptian majority, and other Arab historians, and Egyptian public opinion.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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