Personal protective equipment ( PPE ) refers to protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or garments or other equipment designed to protect the wearer's body from injury or infection. Hazards covered by protective equipment include physical, electrical, heat, chemicals, biohazard, and particles in the air. Protective equipment can be used for occupational safety and health purposes, as well as for sports and other recreational activities. "Protective clothing" is applied to traditional clothing categories, and "protective equipment" applies to items such as pads, shields, shields, or masks, and others.
The purpose of personal protective equipment is to reduce employee exposure to hazards when technical control and administrative control are not feasible or effective to reduce this risk to an acceptable level. PPE is required when there is danger. PPE has serious limitations so as not to eliminate hazards at the source and may result in employees being exposed to danger if the equipment fails.
Each APD item imposes a barrier between the user and the work environment. This may create additional strains to the wearer; interfere with their ability to carry out their work and create a significant degree of discomfort. All of this can prevent users using APD properly, therefore putting them at risk of injury, ill health or, in extreme circumstances, death. Good ergonomic design can help minimize these barriers and therefore can help ensure safe and healthy working conditions through the correct use of PPE.
Occupational safety and health practices may use hazard control and interventions to mitigate workplace hazards, which threaten the safety and quality of life of workers. The hazard control hierarchy provides a policy framework that ranks the types of hazard control in terms of absolute risk reduction. At the top of the hierarchy is elimination and substitution, which eliminates the danger completely or replaces the danger with safer alternatives. If elimination or substitution measures are not applicable, technical controls and administrative controls, which seek to design safer mechanisms and train safer human behaviors, are implemented. Personal protective equipment ranks last in the control hierarchy, because workers are regularly exposed to hazards, with protective barriers. The control hierarchy is important in recognizing that, while personal protective equipment has exceptional utility, it is not the desired control mechanism in terms of worker safety.
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Personal protective equipment can be categorized based on protected areas of the body, by the types of hazards, and by the type of garment or accessory. One item, such as boots, can provide various forms of protection: foot and steel soles to protect the legs from puncture or stitch, rubber and anti-rusts for protection from water and chemicals, high reflectivity and heat resistance for protection from radiation heat, and high electrical resistance for protection from electric shock. The protective attributes of each apparatus must be compared against the expected danger in the workplace. More types of self-protective devices that breathe may not cause more contamination but result in greater user satisfaction.
Respirator
Respirator serves to protect the user from inhaling contaminants in the air, thus maintaining the health of one's respiratory tract. There are two main types of respirators. A type of respirator function by filtering out chemicals and gases, or airborne particles, from the air inhaled by the user. Filtration can be either passive or active (enabled). Gas masks and particulate respirators are examples of this type of respirator. The second type of respirator protects the user by providing clean air and inhalation from other sources. This type includes a flight respirator and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). In the work environment, respirators are dependable when adequate ventilation is not available or other engineering control systems are inadequate or inadequate.
In the UK, organizations with extensive expertise in respiratory protection equipment are the Institute of Occupational Medicine. This expertise has been built on a longstanding and diverse research program that has incorporated setting of workplace protection factors into assessing the efficacy of masks available through highway retail outlets.
Health and Safety Executive (HSE), NHS Health Scotland and Healthy Working Lives (HWL) have jointly developed a Web-based Respiratory Protection Tool (RPE) Toolkit. This interactive tool provides descriptions of different types of respirators and respiratory apparatus, as well as "dos and don'ts" for each type.
In the United States, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends the use of respirators, in accordance with the NIOSH 42 CFR federal respiratory regulation Part 84. NIPP's National Personal Protective Technology (NPPTL) Laboratory is tasked with actively conducting studies on respirators and provide recommendations.
Skin protection
Occupational skin diseases such as contact dermatitis, skin cancer, and other skin injuries and infections are the second most common and most expensive type of work-related illness. The skin hazards, which lead to occupational skin diseases, can be classified into four groups. Chemical agents may come into contact with the skin by direct contact with contaminated surfaces, aerosol deposition, immersion or splashes. Physical agents such as extreme temperatures and ultraviolet or solar radiation can damage the skin over prolonged exposure. Mechanical trauma occurs in the form of friction, pressure, abrasions, lacerations and contusions. Biological agents such as parasites, microorganisms, plants, and animals can have various effects when exposed to the skin.
Any form of PPE that acts as a barrier between the skin and the exposure agent can be thought of as skin protection. Because a lot of work is done by hand, gloves are an important item in providing skin protection. Some examples of gloves commonly used as PPE include rubber gloves, cut-proof gloves, saw gloves and heat-resistant gloves. For sports and other recreational activities, many different gloves are used for protection, generally against mechanical trauma.
In addition to gloves, any other article of clothing or protection worn for a purpose serves to protect the skin. Jas lab for example, used to protect from splashing chemicals. Face shields serve to protect a person's face from potential collision hazards, chemical sprays or possible infectious diseases.
Eye protection
Every day, about 2,000 US workers have work-related eye injuries requiring medical attention. Eye injuries can occur in various ways. Most eye injuries occur when solid particles such as metal flake, wood chips, sand or cement chips enter the eye. Smaller particles in smoke and larger particles such as broken glass also cause eye damage caused by particulates. Blunt object trauma can occur to the eye when excessive force comes into contact with the eye. Chemical burns, biological agents, and thermal agents, from sources such as welding torches and UV light, also contribute to eye injuries.
While the required eye protection varies by job, the security provided can be generalized. Safety glasses provide protection from external flakes, and should provide side protection through a wrapper design or side shield.
- Glasses provide better protection than safety glasses, and are effective in preventing eye injuries from chemical splashes, impacts, dusty environments, and welding. Goggles with high airflow should be used to prevent fogging.
- The face shield provides additional protection and is worn over standard glasses; they also provide protection against impacts, chemicals, and blood-borne dangers.
- A full respiratory respirator is considered the best form of eye protection when respiratory protection is also required, but may be less effective against potential impact hazards to the eye.
- The eye protection for welding is shaded to different degrees, depending on the specific operation.
Hearing protection
Industrial noise is often overlooked as a work hazard, because it is invisible to the eye. Overall, about 22 million workers in the United States are exposed to potentially damaging noise levels each year. Hearing loss at work accounted for 14% of all occupational diseases in 2007, with approximately 23,000 cases significant enough to cause permanent hearing loss. Approximately 82% of cases of occupational hearing loss occur in workers in the manufacturing sector. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration sets the standard of exposure to occupational noise. NIOSH recommends that the worker's exposure to noise is reduced to a level equivalent to 85 dBA for eight hours to reduce hearing loss due to occupational noise.
PPE for hearing protection consists of earplugs and earplugs. Workers who are regularly exposed to noise levels above NIOSH recommendations should be provided hearing protection by employers, as they are low cost interventions.
Protective clothing and ensemble
This form of APD covers all and refers to the various clothing and uniforms worn to protect the user from harm. The lab coats worn by scientists and ballistic vests worn by law enforcement officers, which are worn regularly, will fall into this category. All APD fixtures, shared together in a combined suit, are also included in this category.
Ensemble
Below are some examples of personal protective equipment, shared together for a particular job or task, to provide maximum protection for the user.
- Chainsaw protection (especially helmets with face shield, hearing protection, kevlar chaps, anti-vibration gloves, and safety boots).
- Beekeepers use different levels of protection depending on the temperament of their bees and the bee reaction to the availability of nectar. At least most of the beekeepers wore brimmed hats and hoods made of fine mesh nets. The next level of protection includes leather gloves with long gloves and several ways of keeping the bees from crawling up into the trousers of one's trousers. In extreme cases, specially made t-shirts and pants can serve as a hindrance to bee stings.
- Dive equipment, for underwater diving, is an equipment such as a diving helmet or diving mask, underwater breathing apparatus, and wetsuits.
- Firefighters use PPE designed to provide fire and smoke and gas protection. PPE is charged by firefighters including bunker equipment, self-contained breathing apparatus, helmets, safety shoes, and PASS devices.
In sports
Participants in sports often wear protective gear. Studies conducted on professional athlete injuries, such as those on NFL players, question the effectiveness of existing protective devices.
Maps Personal protective equipment
The definition limit
The definition of what constitutes a personal protective device varies by country. In the United States, the law on PPE also varies by country. In 2011, workplace safety complaints were filed against Hustler and other adult film production companies by AIDS Healthcare Foundation, leading to several excerpts submitted by Cal/OSHA. Failure to use condoms by adult film stars is a violation of the Blood Pathogen Program borne by Cal/OSHA, Personal Protective Equipment. This example shows that personal protective equipment can cover a wide range of jobs in the United States, and has a broad definition.
Legislation in the European Union
At EU level, personal protective equipment is regulated by Directive 89/686/EEC on personal protective equipment (APD). These guidelines are designed to ensure that PPE meets general quality and safety standards by establishing basic safety requirements for personal protective equipment, as well as its placement conditions in the market and free movement within the EU single market. This includes 'any device or device designed to be used or held by an individual for the protection of one or more health and safety hazards'. This directive was adopted on 21 January 1989 and came into force on 1 July 1992. The European Commission also authorized for the transition period until June 30, 1995 to give the company sufficient time to adapt to the law. After this date, all APD placed on the market in EU Member States are required to comply with the requirements of Directive 89/686/EEC and to bring CE Marking.
Article 1 of Directive 89/686/EEC defines personal protective equipment as a device or device designed to be used or held by a person for protection against one or more health and safety hazards. The APD under the scope of the Directive is divided into three categories:
- Category I: simple design (eg gardening gloves, footwear, ski sunglasses)
- Category II: PPE is not included in category I or III (eg personal flotation device, dry and wet clothing)
- Category III: elaborate design (eg breathing apparatus, armor)
Directive 89/686/EEC on personal protective equipment does not distinguish between APD for professional use and PPE for recreational purposes.
Personal protective equipment included within the scope of the Directive shall comply with the basic health and safety requirements set forth in Appendix II of the Directive. To facilitate compliance with these requirements, harmonization standards are developed at the European or international level by the European Committee on Standardization (CEN, CENELEC) and the International Organization for Standardization in relation to product design and manufacture. The use of standard harmonization is voluntary and provides a presumption of conformity. However, manufacturers may choose alternative methods to comply with the requirements of the Instructions.
Personal protective equipment exempt from the scope of the Instruction including:
- The PPE is designed for and used by the armed forces or in the maintenance of law and order;
- PPE for self-defense (eg aerosol tube, personal deterrent weapon);
- PPE is designed and produced for personal use of adverse atmospheric conditions (eg seasonal clothing, umbrellas), moisture and water (eg dishwashing gloves) and heat;
- PPE is used on ships and aircraft but not used at all times;
- helmets and visors intended for users of two or three-wheeled vehicles.
The European Commission is currently working to revise Directive 89/686/EEC. The revision will look at the scope of the Instructions, conformity assessment procedures and technical requirements regarding market supervision. It will also align the Directive with the New Legal Framework. The European Commission is likely to publish a proposal by 2013. This will be discussed by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union under regular legislative procedures before it is published in the Official Journal of the European Union and becomes law.
Gallery
See also
- Biological hazards
- Personal protective equipment blunt trauma
- Bomb disposal
- Chainsaw security clothing
- Chemical protective clothing
- Environmental clothing
- Hard hat
- Hazmat (hazardous materials)
- High visibility clothing
- Self-protection motorcycle equipment
- NBC Settings
- Personal protective equipment for arc flash
- Handling safe hazardous drugs
- Personal flotation tool
- Safety harness
- Use of personal protective equipment
References
External links
- CDC - Emergency Response Resources: Personal Protective Equipment - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topics
- European Commission, DG Enterprise, Personal Protective Equipment
- Instructions 89/686/EEC on Personal Protective Equipment
- A short guide to Personal Protective Equipment under Work Regulations 1992 'INDG174 (rev1), revision 8/05 (HSE)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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