A wine is a fruit, botanical berry, from woody wooden vines of the genus of flowering plants Vitis .
Wine can be eaten fresh as table wine or they can be used to make wine, jam, juice, jelly, grape seed extract, raisins, vinegar, and grape seed oil. Wine is a type of non-climacteric fruit, generally occurs in groups.
Video Grape
History
The cultivation of grape cultivated began 6,000-8,000 years ago in the Near East. Yeast, one of the earliest domesticated microorganisms, occurs naturally on the skin of grapes, leading to the discovery of alcoholic beverages such as grapes. The earliest archaeological evidence for the dominant position of wine-making in human culture dates from 8,000 years ago in Georgia. The oldest known wine is found in Armenia, which is about 4000 BC. In the 9th century AD, the city of Shiraz is known to produce some of the finest wines in the Middle East. So it has been proposed that Syrah red wine is named after Shiraz, a city in Persia where wine is used to make Shirazi wine. Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs record the purple grape planting, and history proves Greek, Phoenician, and ancient Romans that cultivate purple grapes for food and wine production. Growing wine then spread to other regions of Europe, as well as North Africa, and finally in North America.
In North America, native grapes belonging to various species of the Vitis genus proliferate in the wild across the continent, and are part of many Native American diet, but are considered by European colonists unsuitable for wine. Vitis vinifera cultivars are imported for that purpose.
Maps Grape
Description
Grapes are a type of fruit that grows in groups of 15 to 300, and can be red, black, dark blue, yellow, green, orange, and pink. The "White" wine is actually green, and evolution comes from purple grapes. Mutations in two white wine-controlling genes kill the production of anthocyanins, which are responsible for the color of purple grapes. Antosianin and other pigment chemicals from the larger polyphenolic family in purple grape are responsible for the various purple colors in red wine. Wine is usually an ellipsoid shape that resembles a spheroid prolate.
Grapevines
Most of the wine comes from the cultivar Vitis vinifera , the native European grapes from the Mediterranean and Central Asia. Small amounts of fruit and wine come from American and Asian species such as:
- Vitis amurensis , the most important Asian species.
- Vitis labrusca , North American wine table and grape juice wine (including Concord cultivars), sometimes used for wine, are from the Eastern United States and Canada.
- Vitis mustangensis , (mustang wine) is found in Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, Texas, and Oklahoma.
- Vitis riparia , a wild grape in North America, sometimes used for wine making and jam. It's native from all over the eastern and northern US to Quebec.
- Vitis rotundifolia (muscadines) used for marmalade and wine, is a native of the Southeastern United States from Delaware to the Gulf of Mexico.
Distribution and production
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 75,866 square kilometers of the world is dedicated to wine. Approximately 71% of world wine production is used for wine, 27% as fresh fruit, and 2% as dried fruit. A portion of the wine production is used to produce re-formed grape juice for canned fruits "without added sugar" and "100% natural". The area dedicated to the vineyard increases by about 2% per year.
There are no reliable statistics that break down the production of wine by varieties. It is believed that the most widely planted variety is Sultana, also known as Unformed Thompson, with at least 3,600 km 2 (880,000 hectares) dedicated to it. The second most common varieties are AirÃÆ'Â © n. Other popular varieties include Cabernet Sauvignon, Sauvignon blanc, Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Grenache, Tempranillo, Riesling, and Chardonnay.
Table and grape wine
Commercial cultivated grapes can usually be classified as table or wine wines, based on their consumption method: raw (table wine) or used to make wine (grape wine). Although almost all of them belong to the same species, Vitis vinifera , tables and grape vines have significant differences, generated through selective breeding. Grape cultivar tables tend to have large seedless fruit (see below) with relatively thin skin. Smaller grape wines, usually seeded, and have relatively thick skin (a desirable characteristic in wine making, as many grape aromas come from the skin). Grape wines also tend to be very sweet: they are harvested when their juice is about 24% sugar by weight. In comparison, the commercially produced "100% grape juice", made from table wine, is usually about 15% sugar by weight.
Unsealed wine
The seedless cultivars are now the majority of the table wineries. Because the grapes are propagated vegetatively by cuttings, lack of seed does not cause problems for reproduction. This is a problem for breeders, who must use superior varieties as mains or embryos at the beginning of development using tissue culture techniques.
There are several sources of seedlessness, and basically all commercial cultivators get it from one of three sources: Thompson Without Seed, Without the Seed of Russia, and Black Monukka, are all Vitis vinifera cultivars. There are currently more than a dozen seedless grape varieties. Some, such as the Seedless Einset, Benjamin Gunnels, Reliance, and Venus grapefruit berries have been specially cultivated for hardiness and quality in a relatively cold climate in the northeastern United States and southern Ontario.
A consideration of the increased quality of seedless eating is the loss of potential health benefits provided by the enriched phytochemical content of grape seeds (see Health claims, below).
Raisins, currant and sultana
In most of Europe and North America, dry grapes are referred to as "raisins" or local equivalents. In the UK, three different varieties are recognized, forcing the European Union to use the term "dried grapes" in official documents.
A raisin is dry wine. While raisin is a French loan word, the French word refers to fresh fruit; grappe (from which English wine is derived) refers to the group (as in une grappe de raisins ).
A raisins is a drained Zante Black Corinthian wine, the name corrupted by France raisin de Corinthe (Corinthian wine). Raisins also came to refer to blackcurrants and redcurrants, two unrelated berries.
A sultana was originally a raisin made from Turkish sultana grapes (known as the Seedless Thompson in the United States), but the word is now used for raisins made from white wine or red wine bleached to resemble sultanas traditional.
Juice
Grape juice is obtained from crushing and mixing wine into liquid. Juice is often sold in stores or fermented and made into wine, brandy, or vinegar. The pasteurized wine juice, eliminating the naturally occurring yeast, will not ferment if stored sterile, and thus does not contain alcohol. In the wine industry, grape juice containing 7-23% of the pulp, skin, stems and seeds is often referred to as "must". In North America, the most common grape juice is purple and made of Concord wine, while white grape juice is generally made from Niagara wines, both of which are native American grape varieties, distinct species of European grape vines. In California, Sultana (known there as Thompson Seedless) grapes are sometimes diverted from raisins or table markets to produce white juice.
Health claim
French paradox
Comparing diet among Western countries, researchers have found that although French tend to eat higher levels of animal fats, the incidence of heart disease remains low in France. This phenomenon has been called the French paradox, and it is thought to occur from the protective benefits of regularly consuming red wine. In addition to the potential benefits of alcohol itself, including reduced platelet aggregation and vasodilation, polyphenols (eg, resveratrol) especially in the skin of grapes provide other suspected health benefits, such as:
- Changes in molecular mechanisms in blood vessels, reducing susceptibility to vascular damage
- Decreased activity of angiotensin, a systemic hormone that causes narrowing of blood vessels that will increase blood pressure
- Increased production of vasodilator hormone, nitric oxide (relaxant factor derived from endothelium)
Although the adoption of wine consumption is not recommended by some health authorities, a large number of studies indicate moderate consumption, such as one glass of red wine a day for women and two for men, may provide health benefits. The evidence is that wine polyphenols such as resveratrol provide physiological benefits, while alcohol itself may have a protective effect on the cardiovascular system. More can be seen in the article Long-term effects of alcohol.
Resveratrol
Resveratrol is found in highly variable quantities among grape varieties, especially in the skin and seeds, which, in the muscadine wine, have about a hundred times higher than the mush. The fresh grape skin contains about 50 to 100 micrograms of resveratrol per gram.
Anthocyanins and other phenolics
Anthocyanins tend to be the main polyphenols in purple grapes while flavan-3-ols (ie catechins) are phenolic more abundant in white varieties. The total phenolic content, the laboratory index of antioxidant power, is higher in purple varieties due almost entirely to the density of anthocyanins in purple grape skin compared with the absence of anthocyanins in the skin of white grapes. Anthocyanins are what attract scientists to define their nature for human health. The phenolic content of the grape skin varies with cultivars, soil composition, climate, geographic origin, and cultivation practices or disease exposures, such as fungal infections.
Red wine may offer health benefits more than white because potentially useful compounds are present in the skin of grapes, and only red wine is fermented with the skin. The amount of wine fermentation time spent in contact with the grape skin is an important determinant of the resveratrol content. Regular non-muscadine red wine contains between 0.2 and 5.8 mg/L, depending on grape varieties, as it is fermented with the skin, allowing the wine to absorb resveratrol. In contrast, white wine contains a lower phenolic content due to fermentation after removal of the skin.
Grapes produced from muscadine wine may contain more than 40 mg/L, a remarkable phenolic content. In muscadine skin, ellagic acid, myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, and trans-resveratrol are the main phenolates. Contrary to previous results, ellagic acid and not resveratrol are the main phenolics in muscadine wine.
Flavonol syringetin, 3-O-galactoside syringetin, laricitrin and laricitrin 3-O-galactoside are also found in purple grapes but none in white wine.
Seed constituent
Biochemistry and early clinical studies have demonstrated the potential biological properties of oligomeric grape seed procyanidins. For example, laboratory tests show potential anticancer effects of grape seed extract. According to the American Cancer Society, "there is little reliable scientific evidence available today that drinking red wine, eating wine, or following a wine diet can prevent or treat cancer in humans".
Grape seed oil from crushed kernels is used in cosmeceuticals and skin care products for perceived health benefits. Grape seed oil contains tocopherol (vitamin E) and high content of phytosterols and polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid, oleic acid, and alpha-linolenic acid.
Wine poisoning and raisin in dog
Consumption of grapes and raisins presents potential health threats for dogs. Their toxicity to dogs can cause animals to experience acute renal failure (sudden development of renal failure) with anuria (lack of urine production) and can be fatal.
Wine therapy
Wine therapy, also known as ampelotherapy (from Ancient Greek ??????? & hl = en (ampelos) , meaning 'wine'), is a form of naturopathic medicine or alternative medicine which involves heavy wine consumption. , including seeds, and parts of the vine, including leaves. Although there is some limited evidence of the positive benefits of grape consumption for health purposes, extreme claims, such as its ability to cure cancer, have been widely derided as "shamanism".
The meaning of religion
In the Bible, wine was first mentioned when Noah planted it in his field. The wine instructions are given in the book of Proverbs and in Isaiah. Deuteronomy tells of the use of wine during the Jewish feast. Wine is also important for Greeks and Romans, and their agricultural deity, Dionysus, is associated with wine and wine, often portrayed with grape leaves on his head. Wine is very important for Christians, who from the very beginning have used wine in their Eucharistic celebrations. The view of the significance of the wine varies between denominations. In Christian art, wine often represents the blood of Christ, like the vine leaves of Caravaggio's John the Baptist. .
Use in religion
Christians traditionally use wine during worship as a means to remember the blood of Jesus Christ shed for the remission of sins. Christians who oppose the taking of alcohol often use grape juice or water as a "cup" or "wine" in the Lord's Supper.
The Catholic Church continues to use wine in the celebration of the Eucharist because it is part of a centuries-old tradition that begins with Jesus Christ at the Last Supper, where Catholics trust the sanctified bread and wine literally into the body and the blood of Jesus Christ, a dogma known as transubstantiation. Wine is used (not grape juice) either because of the strong roots of Scripture, and also follows the traditions set by the early Christian Church. The Code of Canon Law of the Catholic Church (1983), Kanon 924 says that the wine used must be natural, made of grape wine, and not corrupt. In some circumstances, a priest may obtain special permission to use grape juice for consecration; However, this is very rare and usually requires considerable encouragement to guarantee such a dispensation, such as the priest's personal health.
Although alcohol is allowed in Judaism, grape juice is sometimes used as an alternative to kiddush on Shabbat and Jewish holidays, and has the same blessings as wine. Many authorities maintain that grape juice should be able to turn into wine naturally to be used for kiddush. A common practice, however, is to use kosher wine juice for kiddush.
Gallery
See also
Source
Further reading
- Creasy, G. L. and L. L. Creasy (2009). Wine (Crop Production Science in Horticulture). CABI. ISBN 978-1-84593-401-9.
External links
- Definition of wine dictionary in Wiktionary
- Media related to Grapes on Wikimedia Commons
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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