Traditional Chinese Wedding (Chinese: ?? ; pinyin: h? ny? n ), as opposed to marriage in modern China, is a ceremonial ritual in Chinese society involving unity among couples, sometimes shaped by pre-arrangement between families. In Chinese culture, romantic love and monogamy are the norm for most citizens. Wedding rituals and customs often vary by region because of China's vast and rich history and because of the many different cultures and ethno-linguistic groups that have been incorporated into modern Chinese culture.
Video Chinese marriage
Etimologi
In the more ancient writings for the word ??, the former has a radical? (Pinyin: h? N, literally "twilight, twilight, twilight, dark") next to the radicals? (pinyin: n?, literally "female"). This implies that the wedding ceremony is performed at night, which is considered a time of luck. As well as,? (Pinyin: y? N) has the same pronunciation as? (pinyin: y? n). According to Zhang Yi (??) Guangya Shigu (?? o ??), a dictionary of ancient Chinese characters ,? (pinyin: y? n) means "hospitality", "love" and "harmony", indicating the correct way of life for married couples.
Maps Chinese marriage
Marriage in Confucian context
In Confucian thought, marriage has a very important meaning both for the family and for society and also essential for the development of virtue. Traditionally incest is defined as a marriage between people with the same surname. From a Konghucu family perspective, marriage brings together families with different surnames and continues the family line of the paternal clan. This is generally why having a boy is preferred over a girl when giving birth. Therefore, the benefits and disadvantages of any marriage are important to the whole family, not just individual couples. Socially, married couples are considered the basic units of society. In Chinese history there is much time when marriage affects the political stability and international relations of the country. During the Han Dynasty, the ruling Xiongnu rulers demanded women from the imperial family. Many periods of Chinese history are dominated by the family of the wife or mother of the ruling emperor.
Ancient Chinese Wedding
Early marriage
In modern Chinese thought, people in "primitive" societies are not married, but have sex with each other indiscriminately. Such people are considered to live like animals, and they do not have the exact mother, father, sister, wife, and gender concept, not to mention marriage and marriage ceremonies. Part of Confucius's "mission of civilization" is to define what it means to be Father or Husband, and to teach people to respect the right relationship between family members and regulate sexual behavior.
Origin
The story of the marriage of NÃÆ'¼wa and Fu Xi, who once was a sister and brother, recounted how they found the proper marriage procedure after marriage. At that time the world was uninhabited, so you wanted to get married but, at the same time, they felt ashamed. So they went to Kunlun Shan and prayed to heaven. They ask permission for their marriage and say, "if you allow us to marry, please make a mist around us." The sky gave permission to the couple, and soon the peak was covered in fog. It is said that to hide his embarrassment, NÃÆ'¼wa covered his flushed face with a fan. Currently in some villages in China, the bride and groom still adhere to the custom and use the fan to protect their faces.
Historical wedding practices
Endogamy among different classes in China is practiced, the upper class like Shi's class are married among themselves, while the commoners marry among themselves, avoiding marriage with slaves and other ordinary people. This practice is enforced under the law.
Mother and monogamous marriage
In the marriage of a mother, a man will become the son-in-law of a man who lives in the house of a wife. This occurs in the transformation of antithetical marriage into monogamy, which marks the decline of matriarchy and patriarchal dominance in ancient China.
Marriage in Xinjiang (1880-1949)
Although Muslim women are forbidden to marry non-Muslims in Islamic law, from 1880-1949 it has been violated often in Xinjiang since Chinese men married Turkish Muslim women (Uyghur), a reason suggested by foreigners that it was caused by poor women, while women Turks married to Chinese are labeled as prostitutes by Turkish society, this marriage is illegal under Islamic law but women benefit from marrying Chinese men because China defends them from Islamic authorities so that women are not subject to taxes on prostitution and can save income them to themselves. The Chinese gave their Turkish privileges that the Turkish wives did not have, because the wives of the Chinese did not have to wear a veil and a Chinese man in Kashgar once hit a mullah who tried to force Turkish Kashgari's wife to veil. Turkish women also benefit because they are not subject to any legal ties with their Chinese husbands so they can make their Chinese husbands give them as much money as he wants for the family and himself or else the women can just walk away, and belonging to the Chinese man handed over to their Turkish wife after they died. Turkish women consider Turkish men as lower husbands than Chinese and Hindus. Because they are viewed as "unclean", Islamic burial prohibits Turkish wives from Chinese people buried inside them, Turkish women overcome this problem by donating temples and buying graves in other cities. In addition to Chinese men, other men such as Hindus, Armenians, Jews, Russians, and Badakhshanis married local Turkish women. The local people accept Turkish women and descendants of mixed Chinese Tionghoa as their own people even though the marriage violates Islamic law. Turkish women also made temporary marriages with Chinese men such as Chinese soldiers temporarily stationed around them as soldiers to travel on duty, after which the Chinese returned to their own city, with Chinese people selling their mixed daughters with Turkish women to their colleagues, bring their sons with them if they can, but leave them if they can not, and sell their Turkish temporary wife to a friend or leave him behind.
Marriage During the Han Dynasty (202 BCE-220 CE)
Marriage during this time includes a number of mandatory steps, the most important of them is the presentation of the engagement gift of the groom and his family to the bride and his family. The bride's family then replied with a dowry. Sometimes the bride's family will buy things with engagement money. Using an engagement gift for the family's financial needs rather than keeping it for the bride is seen as dishonorable because it seems as if the bride has been sold. Marriage without a dowry or engagement gift is also considered dishonorable. The bride is seen as a concubine instead of a wife. After all the goods were exchanged the bride was taken to the groom's ancestral home. There she is expected to obey her husband and surviving relatives. Women still belong to her husband's family even if they have graduated. If the widow's birth family wants her to remarry, they often have to redeem her from the family of her dead husband. If they have children, they live with their families.
Traditional wedding ritual
Since the late 1990s, it has become popular for making elaborate wedding albums, often taken in photographic studios. The album usually consists of many wedding photos taken in various locations with many different outfits. In Singapore, these outfits often include wedding outfits that include different cultures, including Arab and Japanese wedding attire. Unlike Western wedding photos, Chinese wedding albums will not contain pictures of actual ceremonies and weddings.
In Chinese Mandarin, mang nian "??", or "blind year", when there are no first days of spring, as in 2010, Year of the Tiger, is considered unpleasant time to marry or start a business. In the previous year, there were two first days of spring.
In recent years, Confucian wedding rituals have become popular among Chinese couples. In such a ceremony, which was a recent innovation with none of its historic predecessors, the brides bowed and saluted the huge portrait of Confucius hanging in the banquet hall while the wedding attendants and the couple themselves wore Chinese traditional robes.
Before the bride entered the marriage room, they switched a wedding cup and performed the following bow ceremony:
- first bow - Sky and Earth
- second bow - ancestor
- third bow - parents
- fourth - pair arc
Traditional divorce process
In traditional Chinese society, there are three main ways to dissolve marriage.
The first is an improper divorce. According to the Tang Dynasty law code (618-907), marriage may be dissolved due to personal incompatibility, provided that the husband writes a divorce papers.
The second way (??) is through cancellation of marriage mandated by the state. This applies when one spouse commits a serious crime (defined varyingly, usually wider for a wife) against another or his clan.
Finally, the husband can unilaterally declare a divorce. To be legally recognized, it should be based on one of the following seven reasons (??):
- The wife has no devotion to her father-in-law's parents (????). This makes the parents-in-law potentially capable of breaking marriage against the two pair's will.
- He failed to give birth to a son (??).
- He is vulgar or obscene/adultery (?).
- He is jealous (?). This includes objections to her husband who took an additional wife or concubine.
- He has a vicious disease (???).
- He's gossip (???).
- He committed theft (??).
However there are three clearly defined exceptions (???), in which unilateral divorce is prohibited despite one of the seven reasons mentioned above:
- He has no family to return to (??????).
- He has observed full, three years of mourning for his parents-in-law (?????).
- Her husband is poor when they get married, and is now rich (??????).
The above law concerning unilateral divorce applies from the Tang Dynasty to final abolition in the Civil Code of the Republic of China (Part IV) Section 5, endorsed in 1930.
Divorce in contemporary China
After the formation of the People's Republic in 1949, the new State Marriage Law was also explicitly granted for a legitimate divorce. Women were allowed to divorce their husbands and many did so, triggering resistance from rural men in particular. Kay Ann Johnson reports that tens of thousands of women in northern central China were killed for seeking divorce or suicide when blocked from doing so.
During the Mao era (1949-1976) divorce was rare, but in the reform era, it became easier and more general. A USC US-China Institute article reported that the divorce rate in 2006 was about 1.4/1000 people, about double what it was in 1990 and more than three times what it was in 1982. However, the divorce rate in China is less of what half it is in the United States. One of the most important breakthroughs in marriage institutions was the amendment added to the Marriage Act in 2001, which shortened the divorce procedure and added valid reasons for divorce, such as emphasizing the importance of loyalty in married couples, the response to the increased failure of marriage by business who is unfaithful during the marriage that has become common knowledge. With the increasing rate of divorce today, public discussion and government organs often criticize the lack of effort in the maintenance of marriages that many couples express. This is evident, for example, in the new 'divorce buffer zone' set up at the marriage registration office of a particular province, which is the room where couples wait, as a stage in divorce application procedures, and encouraged to discuss things and consider giving their marriage another chance. However, such phenomena do not conflict with the permissive rise of systems and married couples that lead to a constant growth in divorce rates in China.
The amendment has also been made for the revised Article 32 of the Marriage Law 2001. The married parties may apply for Divorce below, and by indicating, the following reasons:
- Bigamy or a married person living with a third party;
- Domestic violence or the persecution and desertion of one family member by another;
- Bad habits of gambling or drug addiction that remain irreversible despite repeated warnings;
- Separation caused by incompatibility, which lasts for two full years;
- Other circumstances that cause alienation to love each other. Monogamy
- The emperor of some relatively small dynasty is known to have many queens.
- Created by special circumstances. For example, during wartime a man may be separated from his wife and mistakenly believe that he has died. He remarried, and then the first wife was found alive. Once they are reunited, both wives can be identified.
- Qianlong Emperor of the Qing Dynasty began allowing polygamy for the special purpose of heir to the throne for other family branches (see Marriage levirat). Called "multiple inheritance" (??), if a man is the only son of his father ??, and his uncle has no son, then by mutual agreement he can marry an additional wife. A boy from this union became the grandson and heir of his uncle. This process can be repeated for additional uncles.
- Chinese Culture
- Chinese social relations
- Confucian view of marriage
- New Marriage Law
- Red envelopes
- Shanghai wedding market
- South China Wedding
- Wedding reception in Chinese society
- Guide to Divorce and Separation of China
- husband and wife interests in real property and corporate equity in China
- Wolf, Arthur P. and Chieh-shan Huang. 1985. Marriage and Adoption in China, 1845-1945 . Stanford University Press. This is the most recent anthropological report on Chinese marriage.
- Diamant, Neil J. 2000. Revolutionize the Family: politics, love and divorce in urban and rural China, 1949-1968 . University of California Press.
- Wolf, Margery. 1985. Revolution Postponed: Women in Contemporary China . Stanford University Press.
- Alford, William P., "Have You Eaten, Have You Divorced? Arguing the Meaning of Freedom in Marriage in China", in the Free World of Modern China (William C. Kirby ed., Stanford University Press, 2004).
In ancient China, women had no social status. A woman can only obey and rely on her husband; even if her husband is dead, she is still not allowed to remarry. Although he could have many wives and many concubines, the emperor had an imperial harem. Public officials also have many wives and concubines. A man can marry many women and not be detained with legal restrictions.
Marriage marriage
A chewed marriage is a habit in which a man marries his wife's sister (s). Then expanded to include cousins ​​or women from the same clan. Chinese name is that ?? (? = younger sister,? = co-bride/concubinage). It can happen at the same time when he marries his first wife, another time when his wife is alive, or after he dies. This practice often occurred among the Zhou Dynasty nobility (1045 BC - 256 BC), with later cases.
Many wives of the same status
In addition to the traditional desire for boys to carry on the family name, this allowance partially solved the dilemma created by the emperor himself. He recently banned all non-patrilineal inheritance forms, while wanting to maintain the proper order in Chinese kinship. Therefore, a spouse without children can not adopt one from within the extended family. They must also adopt from the outside (regarded by many as giving up family wealth to unrelated outsiders), or be heirs. Multiple heritage marriages provide a way out when a husband's brother has a son.
Concubinage
The woman in concubinage (?) Is treated as inferior, and is expected to submit to the wife (if any). Women are not married in a formal ceremony, have no right in relationship, and can be arbitrarily divorced. They generally come from lower social status or bought as slaves. A woman who has eloped may also be a concubine because formal marriage requires the participation of her parents.
The number of concubines is sometimes arranged, which is different according to the male rank. In ancient China, men with higher social status often supported some concubines, and the Chinese emperor almost always had dozens, even hundreds of royal concubines.
Despite the limitations imposed on concubines, ancient Chinese history and literature, there are several examples of concubines attaining great power and influence. For example, in one of the Four Great Classical Chinese Novels, The Dream of the Red Room (believed to be a semi-autobiographical note from the life of the writer family of Cao Xueqin himself), three generations of Family Jia supported by the imperial favorite concubine.
Imperial concubines, kept by the emperor in the Forbidden City, have traditionally been guarded by eunuchs to ensure that they can not be permeated by anyone but the emperor. Lady Yehenara, otherwise known as the Empress Dowager Cixi, is arguably one of the most successful concubines in Chinese history. Cixi first entered the palace as the concubine of Xianfeng Emperor and gave birth to an illegitimate male heir, who would become emperor Tongzhi. The Emperor passed many legitimate male heirs and named the son of Cixi the crown prince. He will eventually become the de facto ruler of the Manchu Qing Dynasty in China for 47 years after his son's death.
A slightly different form of it is the so-called "two main wives" (???). Traditionally, a married woman is expected to live with her husband's family. When the husband has to live away from his family, he must stay with his in-laws and take care of them. A man who suffers a chronic separation from his wife, like a traveling merchant, can "marry" another woman where he lives and organize separate households with him. Due to geographical separation, the second woman often considers herself a complete wife for all practical matters, but legally this marriage is not recognized, and she is treated as a concubine. Particularly in China, in cases where the main wife has no son to defend the male lineage of family name, the second wife is permitted by law through the concept of the singing girl.
Although modern Chinese law explicitly prohibits polygamy, there is a recent wave of polygamy in mainland China. Since the opening of China's border in the 1970s, businessmen from Hong Kong and Taiwan began to establish "secondary wives" (??, er nai) on the Mainland. Since then, the practice has spread to prosperous local people. Someone considered as ?? will receive more privileges than other women who are considered as ?? (xiao san), a term intended for a lover rather than a role more akin to a second wife or concubine. Although this practice is condemned throughout the community many people still have ?? and, which can lead to conflict and trauma, as is the case in western countries.
Some judges in China consider married people who leave home to live with their lovers have done bigami.
But most of the legal cases were filed before 2000, and by 2014 the situation is not really different from that in western countries. People will not be prosecuted for "bigami" for an unmarried relationship as long as they do not register another marriage, but it may be necessary to hand over more property in a divorce case involving a former wife.
Polyandry
Polyandry, the practice of a woman who has multiple husbands, has traditionally been regarded by Han as immoral, prohibited by law, and unorthodox in practice. However, historically there are instances where a man in poverty rents out or falses his wife for a while. But among other ethnic Chinese polyandri exist and exist, especially in mountainous areas.
In a subsistence economy, when available land can not support more than one family, dividing it among sustaining sons will ultimately lead to a situation in which no one will have the resources to survive; in such a situation, a family will marry together a wife, who will be the wives of all siblings in the family. Polyandry in certain Tibetan autonomous regions of modern China remains legal. But this applies only to ethnic Tibetan minorities in the region and not from other ethnic groups.
See also
Note
18. Sex in History, Global Perspective, Second Edition. Written by Merry E.Wiesner-Hanks. (P29-33)
Further reading
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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